Causes of Earthquakes

Causes of backgroundquakesShreyas PatelThe temblorABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to gain the knowledge on graphic pass onring disaster. I leave be writing about the temblors and mainly how the mankindquakes argon organize all over the world in the earth crust. In this article, I will be elaborating the reasons of earthquakes. The impacts of an earthquake will confusablely be illustrated with pictures which explain that how they were caused. And finally, I will include the mitigation for earthquakes, i.e. the measures that keister be taken to prevent from the earthquakes and minimize the damage caused when they knock against. All key factors and illustrations skirt the causes, effectuate, and solution will be explained in detail to provide a complete understanding of how earthquakes be formed. later on devoting my time in this research, I clearly understand the concept of how earthquakes be formed and how they occur over the period of time. I found that sea bed increases in surface ara when the magma drills up and eventually cools down. The formation of our continent that occurred from four hundred million years ago, the rigid terrain in the dessert and the tallest mountain that we mystify today atomic number 18 all evidences of coat tectonics which caused the earthquakes to occur. I in addition found that convection cells create hotspot in which magma drills up during a divergent boundary.The solution from experts all refer to common goal of studying landforms where earthquakes atomic number 18 most and collecting the seismographic material over many decades in night club to get the data to predict an estimate of when the next earthquake whitethorn strike. Solution is to trail for the worst and I make up carefully sketch my solution in this report. The solution sight also include worldwide ties amidst countries. Any country hit by an earthquake shtup get a relief through charitable donation to service of figure out dur ing difficult times.IntroductionWhat is an earthquake?The earthquake is the sudden causal agent of the fuse that discharges elastic energy stored in the rocks and generate seismal waves. These elastic waves fall outwards from the source and vibrate the ground.What are the earthquake seismic waves?A seismic wave means the transferring of energy with vibrations from one spot to some other within the earth. There are opposite types of waves yet we are interest in only two types of seismic waves P (primary) waves that are similar to sound waves, and S (secondary) which is a type of shear wave. Within the earth, P waves travel through the solids and the liquids, whereas S waves buns only travel through the solids. conception1 reservoir http//www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/earthquakes.html witness 1 describes the waves that radiates from the center of the focus depict of earthquake. It gives the way that earthquake take place through the sudden attainment of tectonic hom e bases and causes the waves to spread from the epic centre.The speed of the earthquakes is not constant but it varies with many factors. It is mostly affected by the depth and the type of the rocks. var. 2 shows the P type and S type seismic waves. In P type, the compressed rock propagating in the like direction as the compression. Also, the P type wave moves faster than S type. In S type, liquid matter prevents S waves from spreading. It moves up and down or place to side. pick up 2 offset http//www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/B02/lectures/Seismology/pswaves.htmCauses of an EarthquakeEarthquakes are caused by the movements of plates under the surface of the earths crust. Movement between two plates is not smooth and it causes elastic energy to gradually digit up over time. When we feel the ground is moving or agitate this energy is released as seismic waves from the epic centre. They usually occur on the boundaries of the plate metes which cover the earth like an egg shell.There are two main causes of earthquakes. Firstly, earthquakes rouse be linked to explosive volcanic hits. When a volcanic eruption occurs, lava spreads across the land ( skinner and Murck, 175). These are precise common in the areas of volcanic activity where they either follow or accompany eruption.Figure 3 shows the image of volcanic earthquake eruption occurs and spreads the lava around it.Figure 3 credit http//www.cbc.ca/news/technology/volcanoes-drop-hint-before-deadly-eruptions-study-1.1063506Secondly, earthquakes can be triggered by tectonics activity related to plate margins and defects. The majority of the earthquakes occurring all over the world are caused by this process. Convection cells under the earths crust create a push and pull machine and forces the plates to move creating interaction between the plates.Figure 4Source http//www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/ underway/lectures/evolving_earth/evolving_earth.htmlFigure 4 shows the process of plate tectonics occurrence. The plate tectonics tells us that the earths crust is broken into two different types of plates known as the oceanic and continental plates. These plates can slides over to each one other and are floating over the uppermost layer of the blanket and convection cells. The plates are in constant motion. Along their margins where they usually interact, important process such as the formation of mountain belts, earthquakes and volcanoes take place.Figure 5Source http//sichuanheartquake.wordpress.com/Figure 6Source http//thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2011/03/13/the-failure-of-plate-tectonics/Figure 5 and Figure 6, both are the same which describes the procedure of the causes of an earthquake. If we carefully come both the Figure, we see the numbering that describes the way to take place. We see that the little dense oceanic plate collides with the continental plate (more dense) and sinks down and melts ascribable to the high temperatures of the mantle. Also, if we o bserve the subduction zone, thats what really, causes an earthquake. It is the constant colliding of the two plates that causes an isostatic rebound and evince to release the energy.Heat from the mantle causes the plates to grind against each other along plate margins commonly known as faults. The convection cells help the plates to move in a particular direction and since the plates are not smooth, they usually project their motion blocked. As a result, ascribable to the tension and stress builds up, the fault breaks, energy is released in the form of seismic waves.Figure 7Source http//www.age-of-the-sage.org/tectonic_plates/boundaries_boundary_types.htmlFigure 7 shows the different types of plate boundaries.From the above figure,(1) represents the Divergent where the plate move away from each other, leaving a gaping cakehole for the hot spot. This usually leads to volcanic activity and new land formation.(2) Represents the confluent which is most destructible. High chances of volcanic activity are expected callable to the subduction zone. The melting of the less dense oceanic plate sinks along with piddle which evaporates and moves up with boiling magma.(3) Represents the Transform where the plates, which are not smooth at all, slide alongside each other causing massive vibrations and with complete build up of energy can also cause the Brobdingnagian earthquakes.Effects of an EarthquakesThe effects of earthquakes towards the nation can be described in two categories long term and short term. Long term effects can be the formation of new land, mountain folds and the deep trenches formed by the upwelling of magma at the hot spot. The short term effects can be the seismic waves that are generated during the impact, the broken pipe lines, landslides, mudslides, and the collapsing of the buildings.TsunamisFigure10Source http//www.howitworksdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Tsunami-formation-large.jpgFigure 11Source http//www.giglig.com/environment/tsu namiFigure 10 shows the formation of the tsunami waves due to the movement of the plates that cause the earthquake to occur in the sea.Figure 11 shows the image of tsunami that takes place in Japan in 2011.When an overriding plate along subduction zone suddenly breaks free, it moves upwards raising the sea deck and the peeing above. The waves move outwards in ever-expanding circles. As they approach land, water recedes from the shore. They are able to cross the entire oceans without a great going of energy.LandslidesFigure 12Source http//landslides.usgs.gov/research/ store/utahttp//landslides.usgs.gov/research/inventory/utah/h/Figure 12 and Figure 13 shows the views of landslides takes place.Landslides are rocks, earth, or debris flows on a slope due to gravity. During an earthquake, the seismic waves can shakes the ground, enough to cause a landslide, easily on a slope. The effects can be devastating, as the debris wont stop tumbling down until a flat plain is reached or an obst acle magnanimousger than it is encountered.Buildings and structuresFigure 13Figure 14Source http//sichuanheartquake.wordpress.comhttp//sichuanheartquake.wordpress.com//Figure 13 and Figure 14 shows that effect of earthquakes on the buildings and roadship canal.After an earthquake, damages occur to buildings, bridges, roads and everything that stand on its own. As a result, large numbers of people may be died, injured or homeless in the aftermath of an earthquake.New land FormationFigure 15Source http//science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/volcano2.htmWhen the divergent boundaries moves away from each other, magma rises up and cools down to form a new landform. It can form on the land and on the sea bed, increasing the surface area as shown in Figure 15.Solution of an EarthquakeOver many years, researchers and scientists shoot tried to find at least a reasonable foresight of an earthquake to when it will occur, however, it is a natural disaster that can strike at any point in time that look how big the earth surface is. So, the data collecting from every fault margin for epic centre is physically possible. Moreover, we cannot physical see an earthquake approaching, its just energy (seismic) waves travelling that can compress and shear. Although, there are several ways to be alerted and predict from the incident to be happen. These ways are as followsRichter scale The moment an earthquake strikes, the Richter scale exceedingly sensitive to vibration thereby it will send signals to an alarm and also record the data on a seismograph for the calculation of magnitude.Prediction In area like the Ring of Fire, is known for volcanic activity. Also, the earthquakes have been recorded along with event that took place. So, there is always a probability of an earthquake in a certain area since it keeps occurring in the same area is clearly an indication that it is very likely that an earthquake can happen.Drills Training session would be given to teach pe ople that what to do during an actual earthquake take place.Earthquake-resistant buildings This type of buildings can withstand a certain amount of magnitude and can cope with the seismic waves. The founding of buildings depends on providing the building with strength, stiffness and inelastic deformation capacity which are great enough to withstand a given level of earthquake as shown in below images.Figure 16Source http//forum.strukts.com/ discourse/420/earthquake-resistant-construction/p1Statistics of an EarthquakeFigure 18Source http//earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/neic/neic_bulletins_figures.phpfigure1As shown in the above Figure 18, According to the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake information Center, there is an increasing in the amount of earthquake during nineteenth century. Moreover, the magnitude threshold of an earthquake is also estimated across the whole world. Figure 19 shows the magnitude of an earthquake versus different year.Figure 19Source http//earthquake .usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/graphs.phpConclusion and RecommendationIn my opinion, I accept that conclusion exact solution of earthquake still needs time to evolve, as it is hard to predict that when an earthquake will strike. It is obvious that prediction can be made from the relevant occurrences of that same activity, but still will not be accurate enough to evacuate millions of people and move then to safe place.At last, I do not believe that we can stop earthquakes, not even in millions of years. It is something naturally alone(p) that cannot be stopped. The only option is to move away from the regions which are prostrate to earthquakes regularly and to evacuate people who reside near volcano and prepare for the worst case situation until the things can be reasonable fixed.BibliographySkinner Brian J., Murch Barbara W. 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