hollywood on trial :: essays papers

hollywood on trialThe world is full of injustice. Of programs that requirement to accomplish the right things but get twisted by the people that run them. This essay will deal with the reasons and Birth of the Hays Commission, the ludicrous steps they took to add morality to the motion picture industry, and some opposite sensors of the time. All things said in this essay are true and taken from the Hays correspondence its self. It is a known fact that sex sells. It is used by advertisers to get us to by there product, and likewise it is used by producers and directors to get us to see their films. During he Depression, no one had enough notes to buy dinner much less go see a movie. So, there was a increase in the sex that was on the screen to braid in people. Not that there was any rules or guidelines of the studios to follow. It was just they didnt care. There was a outcry by the catholic church and in April, 1934 a commission of bishops were set up named The Legion of Decency. These Bishops would tell all the priests, and they in turn would in turn tell the parishioners what movies were proper to see and what was not. This thought scared the Hollywood studios. A boycott of that size in the middle of a depression would crush them. The heads of all the major studios got together to solve this problem. They knew that they didnt want to lose the Catholics, and they didnt want government intervention. Their solution was to have a board to censor all the movies coming from the major studios (at that time it was legal for studios to own their own theaters so single-handed films werent generally seen by the public at large). To head this committee was William Hays.William Hays was a Republican politician from Indiana with the impatient look a letter carrier whose paycheck was being sent by mail. Actually he was the Postmaster General in one of the most corrupt administrations of the century, Warren G. Harding(Gardner, xvii). Because of this , he had friends on laid-back places in the movie industry. Even though his name was on the committee all he was responsible for was making the set of rules.

No Child Left Behind Act :: essays research papers

Page 1Symbolism in Robert FrostThis poetry analysis essay is more or less symbolism in Robert Frosts poetry. The essay is titled Symbolism in Robert Frost and the poems under discussion are The Road Not taken and Birches. Fisrt I will start with the poem titled The Road Not Taken and provide three short quotes from this poem and one quote from Birches. I will also provide three possible interpretations of their meaning. The following is a quote from the poem titled The Road Not Taken Two roadstead diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both and be one traveler. The firstly possible interpretation of that quote is that at that place a choices in look that we as individuals will ultimately have to make. Sometimes these choices are made and the consequences are not what was expected. These choices however insignificant at the time, can result into significant circumstances. The choices we make in life affect us in many ways. The next possible interpretation of tha t quote is make choices in life is what human beings do throughout life. There are no foolproof systems in place to indicate which choice will profit individuals the most. A third interpretation of the quote is the choices in life are many and there will be situations where you can not change your close easily once it has been made and youre forced to see through with what you have decided. There are times when we make choices and look back on the choices we have made in retrospect thinking what would have happened if I had choose differently? Now that I have provided three possible interpretations of a quote from the poem titled The Road Not Taken, I would now like to take a second quote from that same poem and provide three possible interpretations of its meaning. The following is a second quote from the poem titled The Road Not Taken Oh I kept the first for another day Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever ejaculateback. The first possible interpretat ion of that quote is that we as individuals come to terms with and accept the choices we make in life whether good or bad. The next possible interpretation of that quote is when dealing with choices made in life that may not have been wise before, we can make the best of the situation and stay the course.

Free Essays - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Free Essay on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain the principal(prenominal) character, Huck Finn, grows and learns many lessons. Throughout my life I have learned many alike(p) lessons. In addition, I have discovered that there is a relationship between Hucks life lessons and my life lessons. Also I have learned many different lessons that Huck was dispossessed from learning. Twains character, Huckleberry Finn, and I can be comp ared and contrasted through lessons we both have learned and lessons that only I have learned. During my life I have learned that lessons are hard, complex, and above all else are universal. One lesson that Huck and I have shared in learning is that a person can choose to escape an unfair situation. Huck fly his abusive father and was taken in by the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson. I too escaped an abusive father. When I was six years octogenarian my m separate divorced my father an d I decided to live with her. Another lesson that Huck learns is to be his own person. He learns this when he left Tom sawyer and his gang for his own adventures. I learned this same lesson when some friends wanted to go to a concert on a night that I had give instruction and a project due the next day. I did not go with them and even though my friends had fun, I was proud to be an individual. Additionally, Huck learns that friends are very(prenominal) important because they are always there for you. He and Jim become very close over their long trip down the river. They do things for each other that shows that they are friends. Tom helps Huck rescue their friend Jim from slavery. Huck and Tom free Jim because he is a good friend to them. I have in like manner learned that friends are a tremendous part of my life. On various occasions, friends have helped me study for important tests. Consequently, Huck and I have learned similar important life lessons though the exp eriences were different. On the contrary, there are also a few lessons that I have learned that Huck has not learned. I have learned that you must deal with your problems instead of running away 12/19/98 from them.

Contradiction in Another Country :: Another

Contradiction in Another Country   Another Country contradicts the age-old belief that the United States is a safeground for all people. James Baldwin compares living the manner of a homosexual in Paris to living the life of a homosexual in the United States. The views of the French are much more liberal than the conservative views of the Americans. The life that Eric, the homosexual character in Baldwins novel, leads in Paris is socially acceptable. Baldwin in like manner depicts France as a haven for interracial relationships.   Eric believes that living an openly homosexual life in Paris is more satisfying, rewarding, comfortable and protected because his choice of life is widely accepted by the French society. In Paris, everyone feels comfortable. Everyone feels free to live his or her own life and not adhere to the rules that society establishes. Homosexuals have the shore leave to walk down the street, sit in public parks and show affection towards thei r partner free of worry, without the fear of lane cats. The people of Paris acquit and support Erics happiness, as seen in this passage I see that. You seem much happier. Theres a kind of light around you. She said this very directly, with a rueful, conspiratorial smile as though she knew the cause of his happiness, and rejoiced for him (234).   In contrast, New Yorkers have a entirely different attitude toward homosexuality. New York is confined by Americas conservative views. The New York society functions on the principle that different is bad. Anyone who strays from the norms of society is a threat. The people in New York vocalize their disdain for homosexuals and in both(prenominal) cases even threaten physical violence against those who are bold enough to come out of hiding. Eric describes the New York atmosphere to his partner using the metaphor passs and alley cats to represent those who prey on the openly homosexual. He comments Getting you into America is going to be hassle enough, baby, lets not rock the boat. Besides, New York is full of alley cats. And alleys (Baldwin 190).   In addition, France proves to be a haven for interracial relationships as well. As seen in Another Country, the French society does not frown upon relationship surrounded by the races.

Educating Rita Essay -- Educating Rita Literature Essays

Educating Rita1. When we are first introduced to Rita she is a hairdresser. How would you define her in ground of her companionable class? Support your ideas with examples from the film and elsewhere e.g. the most recent classification system used to define social class. (P2)I would define her in terms of her social class as a snobby person.She fits in a working class D, the way she speaks (language) isdifferent the type of clothes she wears is different, she wears miniskirts. The purlieu Rita lives in is run down and dirty there isno front garden and no green space.2. In details discuss how physical, social and scotch factors have combined to affect Ritas personal development and self-concept and that of others? (M1)Physically Rita has been smoking and she has been on the pill andother wise she is in good health. Rita kit and caboodle long hours and she is ina lot of stress. Rita marriage is going nowhere she is deceiving herhusband by not telling him that she is on the pill. Socially Rita isnot very(prenominal) bulge going but she is a hairdresser she does meet differentpeople. Rita feels left egress at the university because she feels thatshe does not fit in and the other students wont accept her.3. Using the information you have gathered about Rita consider the ways in which her life has changed since she began her degree course. Evaluate the effects of social and economic factors on Ritas growth and development and that of others. Support your ideas with examples from the film and from other sources? (D1)The way Ritas life has changed is that she is more confident and sheknows what she wants. Rita appreciates the environment out side herexperience and starts to go to ... ... her normal colour and lookedvery smartly dressed. Her tutor was shocked to see her different.Frank had his own problems he found out that his girl friend washaving an affair with some one else. He was very depressed and hadlack of confidence in him self.Most people find it tight to cope with out a partner. Theirself-asteam falls dramatically, they become stressed and they dontfeel good about them selves. Many people try to turn over suicide whenthey dont find any solutions for there problems. May people canpretend that they are strong and can cope with divide and loss offamily members. Rita was strong and she became what she wanted to be.Rita had a lot of stress when her husband was not supporting. WhenRita divorced Denny she felt lonely and went away and found her self aflat and from there on she fought her way through her problems.

Authur Miller Essay -- essays research papers

With the Death of a Salesman during the winter of 1949 on Broadway, Arthur Miller began to live as a playwright who has since been called one of this centurys three great American dramatists. He has also written other powerful, often mind-altering plays The Crucible, A View from the Bridge, A computer storage of Two Mondays, After the Fall, Incident at Vichy, and The Price. And who could forget the film The Misfits and the dramatic special Playing for Time. Death of a Salesman was not Arthur Millers first success on Broadway. Two years before, when All My Sons opened at the Coronet Theater, Brooks Atkinson of the New York Times wrote "The theater has acquired a genuine new talent." The play also won the New York gambol Critics Circle Award and the Donaldson Award (voted upon by Billboard subscribers). Since the debut of All My Sons he has noted "The success of a play, especially ones first success, is somewhat like pushing against a door which is suddenly opened that was always securely shut until then. For myself, the experience was invigorating. It suddenly seemed that the audience was a spate of blood relations, and I sensed a warmth in the world that had not been there before. It made it possible to dream of daring more and risking more." He did however push the limits when he released his controversial piece Death of a Salesman. And, he gained even more acclaim. Soon he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. He was qui...

Authur Miller Essay -- essays research papers

With the Death of a Salesman during the winter of 1949 on Broadway, Arthur Miller began to live as a playwright who has since been called one of this centurys three capacious American dramatists. He has also written other powerful, often mind-altering plays The Crucible, A View from the Bridge, A Memory of Two Mondays, After the Fall, Incident at Vichy, and The Price. And who could forget the film The Misfits and the dramatic special Playing for Time. Death of a Salesman was not Arthur Millers first success on Broadway. Two years before, when All My Sons unresolved at the Coronet Theater, Brooks Atkinson of the New York Times wrote "The theater has acquired a genuine new talent." The play also won the New York Drama Critics Circle cede and the Donaldson Award (voted upon by Billboard subscribers). Since the debut of All My Sons he has noted "The success of a play, especially ones first success, is somewhat like pushing against a door which is suddenly opened that was always securely shut until then. For myself, the experience was invigorating. It suddenly seemed that the audience was a mass of blood relations, and I sensed a warmth in the world that had not been there before. It made it possible to dream of daring more and risking more." He did however push the limits when he released his polemic piece Death of a Salesman. And, he gained even more acclaim. Soon he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. He was qui...

City Life vs Country Life

like a shot the metropolis life is more and more stressful, by the minute, however the pile who were born and elevated in the democracy atomic number 18 coming to the city, but which is break-dance? It depend on the likes and necessities of that particular person, he or she may only be in the city because they can find much more diversion and facilities. Meanwhile the country?s advantage consists on the calm and straightenation that it offers to us. For this and more reasons these ii em tushments are completely different. To start off the difference mingled with these two places is the nature.In the country everything is natural there are hardly any buildings, up to now making it difficult to destroy the ecosystem and pollute the prim luxurious air. In the city on the other hand, it is very difficult to see a lot if any trees or a forest area, a fact is that we can see a lot of buildings, smudge, and pollutions. As a result, natural areas are reduced, something that reall y affects our ecosystem, in the most atrocious way. Id take the country in this point any day and twice on Sunday. another(prenominal) difference is the distance between places.In the country people are used to walking to go from place to place over long distance, which is inviolable because it is a great healthy benefit, also in the country traffic jams do not exist. So if you wanted to drive anywhere itll take you 30 minutes instead of the 3 hours in the city. Because of the 500 burster hour in the city, in which in my most humble opinion is not looseness to be in trust me Ive had my fair assign of them. Again the country takes the cake. The next difference is the lifestyle. In the country, people can have a healthier lifestyle.Because of the farming, and there is a very calm place and people have more relaxing situations. However in the city people are always in a hurry rushing from place to place. Nobody has any time to do anything anymore. Nevertheless any of these options to live can be the best according to peoples plans also it depends on the ideas and jobs of everyone. If they want to relax and let pain just melt away the country is the way to go. But if they like a busier schedule and more variety on entertainment, the city no matter how messed up it is the thing for you.City Life vs Country LifeToday the city life is more and more stressful, by the minute, however the people who were born and raised in the country are coming to the city, but which is better? It depend on the likes and necessities of that particular person, he or she may only be in the city because they can find much more entertainment and facilities. Meanwhile the country?s advantage consists on the calm and relaxation that it offers to us. For this and more reasons these two places are completely different. To start off the difference between these two places is the nature.In the country everything is natural there are hardly any buildings, up to now making it difficult to des troy the ecosystem and pollute the nice luxurious air. In the city on the other hand, it is very difficult to see a lot if any trees or a forest area, a fact is that we can see a lot of buildings, smudge, and pollutions. As a result, natural areas are reduced, something that really affects our ecosystem, in the most atrocious way. Id take the country in this point any day and twice on Sunday. Another difference is the distance between places.In the country people are used to walking to go from place to place over long distance, which is good because it is a great healthy benefit, also in the country traffic jams do not exist. So if you wanted to drive anywhere itll take you 30 minutes instead of the 3 hours in the city. Because of the 500 rush hour in the city, in which in my most humble opinion is not fun to be in trust me Ive had my fair share of them. Again the country takes the cake. The next difference is the lifestyle. In the country, people can have a healthier lifestyle.Beca use of the farming, and there is a very calm place and people have more relaxing situations. However in the city people are always in a hurry rushing from place to place. Nobody has any time to do anything anymore. Nevertheless any of these options to live can be the best according to peoples plans also it depends on the ideas and jobs of everyone. If they want to relax and let pain just melt away the country is the way to go. But if they prefer a busier schedule and more variety on entertainment, the city no matter how messed up it is the thing for you.

Theories of Unemployment

Theories of Unemployment The article that I took was from the Irish Independent which was printed on the Wednesday 2nd February 2011. 5,700 more jobless(prenominal) signing on The number of people signing on for benefits increased by more than 5,700 in the last 12 months, official figures revealed straightaway. There were 442,677 people on the pogey in January, taking the unemploymentrate to 13. 4pc a slight fall on the previous month. Separate figures compiled by the Government revealed there were 4,893 redundancies in January. dig enterprise spokesmanWillie Penrosesaid more than 400,000 people lose been on the dole for 20 months. Everyone knows that the figure would be even higher, were it not for the phenomenon of resumed emigration, he said. Nothing summarises the dismal failure of this Government as much as their record on unemployment. The Live Register which recorded a fall of 6,900 people signing on last month alone, according to new measurements of seasonal factors has turn aroundn its pocket-sizeest overall increase for January in three years. Avine McNally, director of the Small Firms Association, said it appe ard the unemployment crisis has stabilised. Small firms are the engines of recovery and real and meaningful growth go out come from the small business sector, but that is unlikely to happen for some time yet, as many firms are struggling to survive, due to cashflow difficulties, input costs from Government-administered sectors, and restricted addition to credit, she said. Umbrella trade union group Congress said the harsh fact was that the true number of people signing on increased by thousands last month. Paul Sweeney, the groups economic adviser, said The cold fact is that that there are a frightening 273,000 less people at go away today inIrelandcompared to 2007.Furthermore, net emigration will be over 60,000 this year. Jobs are the biggest challenge for any new Government. Youth Work Ireland, which represents 22 voluntary ea rly days groups, said unemployment is the number one issue in Irish society. Spokesman Michael Mc Loughlin said If young people drift into long term unemployment in stiff numbers it may be hard to rescue that situation when any recovery occurs. He added There must be a dedicated jobs dodge for young people if we are to avoid a return to the massive migration of the 1980s which so decimated communities. Increased emigration amongst young people is a major economic issue as this group has been very well educated, now a different country will reap the benefit of this investment and Ireland will lack the people and the skills to build a smart economy. Reetta Suonpera, senior economist with business lobby group Ibec, said Although some sectors such as tress will continue to lose jobs during 2011, overall the situation in the cranch market is stabilising and unemployment is now nearing its peak. Fine Gaelenterprise spokesmanRichard Brutonsaid emigration was acting like a pressure valve on the unemployment figures. This is a crisis. Irelands unemployment crisis is crying out for a targeted solution, he said. Mr Bruton claimed Fine Gael was the only party to have put antecedent a credible jobs plan which it could implement if put into power. The other political parties just dont have the plans for jobs, he said. Labours high-tax approach wont get people working, andFianna Failis a busted flush on the economy.Fine Gael is the only party with a credible plan to get the economy working. The way in which this article is written is from classical point of view which is most common in western societies. Even though it is not mentioned the author of the article and some contributors are talking about Full Employment, when the optimum number of people are either employed within the economy. In this article they feel at the moment the Irish economy has Full Employment.That is due to that at the moment there are not any new jobs available and the fact that due to em igration the Irish work force is getting smaller due to the fact people are leaving the country. As we can see this follows the neoclassical idea as the labour market moves toward full employment automatically. The intellectual in which that the levels of unemployment are so at this time is due to the fact that consumers are unwilling to spend bills on goods and services as a lot of people are having problems with their current so employees need to make less produce so they are been forced to lose their jobs.This is due to the law of diminishing marginal productivity of labour, when you employ someone it is the how many extra goods they do or dont produce compared to the last employee. If you have 10 employees and your tenth employee makes 9 goods a week but your ninth employee makes 11 goods a week, the tenth employee makes 2 less than the ninth employee so it makes sense to make the tenth employee redundant as you are not making any money off that employee. Another reason for th e fall in employment is the cost to an employer to employ his employees.The neoclassical believe that when wages are flexible then you will get full employment. tho a reason for unemployment is that these wages were not flexible but were very rigid. Rigidities were caused by labour unions, minimum wage legislation or other anti-competitive practices. Labour unions in the time of economic growth asked for wage raises which they got but in a time of economic recession they are unwilling for their employees take a pay cut but instead this leads to many more employees been laid off.There is also a similar truth in the minimum wage legislation, it was at a good level during the boom years but when the recession hit it was clear that the government didnt readjust the level to try and abet more people on minimum wage to keep their job during the time of economic recession. At the current time some of these rigidities have been take so we are now approaching full employment. The Irish pe ople have one of the highest rates of unemployment in Europe at the moment with a rate of 13. % and in a twelve month period more than 5,700 signed on for benefits. At the moment the number of people on the dole is 442,677. In the article it is said that small businesses will kick start the economy but at the moment it wont happen as there are cash flow problems, excess costs been put on businesses by the government and there is restricted access to credit by the reluctance of banks to lend money out as they cannot afford to write off more bad loans and put them into NAMA as well.They also state that at the moment certain sectors like construction will still see many more redundancies but sectors like the smart economy will see growth in the approach years. They are also trying in the article to say that the current unemployment is stabilising and hopefully in the next coming months and years there will be an upturn in the levels of unemployment and there will be fall in emigration aswell.

Philippine Cinema: An in-depth Analysis Essay

Values and Traits of Filipino FilmsPhilippine Cinema has unique values and traits. Don Jose as the Father of Filipino Films labeled the Filipino films as quality content and has a commercial appeal among movie goers. Many of the films created by Don Jose Nepomuceno were genuine the approval of the box office and win the heart of film critics. Nepomuceno has a mind-set in every movie that he will create that a content of a movie should swallow the combination of artwork and crass commercialism (Quirino, 1983).Nepomuceno did not k in a flash that he will become a ensure of film creation here in the Philippine Cinema. Nepomuceno studied fine arts in his college degree and after finishing that course he keep caseing electrical engineering. He is also a business minded psyche at the very young age because of the influence of his family and they have their have business stalls. The combination of his technicality with his background in electrical engineering and the artistic mind of Don Jose as he had a background in his fine arts degree led him to his popularity and became a successful director in Philippine Cinema. Hes mind as business person also helped him to create movies that will approve the movie-goers choice as the competition from former(a) films particularly Hollywood films were tough at that time. He survived his movies as compare to other Filipino filmmakers to re chief(prenominal) on the circulation (Qurino, 1983).On the study conducted by Nicanor Tiongson, she mentioned in her article entitled Four Values in Filipino Drama and Film that most of the films in the Philippines have a perspectives of 1.Maganda ang Maputi (White is beautiful) 2. Masaya ang palabas (Shows are the best) 3. Mabuti ang inaapi (Hurrah for the undog) 4. Maganda pa ang Daigidig (all is right within the world) (Tiongson, 2004).Tiongson (2004) concluded on the said article higher up that the first value which is white is beautiful is the strongest evidence of colonial mental ity from the date when we were colonized by the Spaniards up to the present time where in were introduced to Western-pop culture. Television also showed the concept of having white skin is beautiful. Lots of commercials endorsed touse whitening soap, lotion, or evening taking tablets or capsules are prescribed to have fair and white skin.The said article based on the study performed by Tiongson came up with a resolution and recommendation that those four values mustiness be replaced by the following 1. Maganda ang kayumangi 2. Masaya ang palabas na may laman 3. Mabuti ang may sariling isip 4. Gaganda pa ang daigdig. This only show that we need to create art that will help to lift-up our bear culture. The article sends a message that if we think we have good content of the films, we can make it better by trying the values that we dont use ( Tiongson, 2004). As what Tiongson concluded on her critics in Philippine Cinema, the content of the films produced locally became low and not offer unique storyline anymore.Viewers now a day entertained and patronized movies that has no content of artistry and it has a universal plot of story which can be viewed and be predicted even at the start of the story. As what important from the current film exertion especially in mainstream movies are to give entertainment among the audience and it should have a crass of commercialism even the quality of the movie will suffer. It seems the reason why many Philippine filmmakers and film industry are currently face up huge problem in terms of gaining trust from the audience and the positive feed back from the film critics. Joe Quirino(1983), reported on his book Don Jose and the early Philippine Cinema that there are only two kinds of Filipino movies and both of them make you cry one because its so sad and the other its so bad.This only means that early cinema created films that will touch the heart of viewers. Filipinos really love the story of a film or telenovela which has d rama-genre that made their eyes cry.Atty. Espiridon Laxa (President of Philippine Motion Pictures Producers Association) narrated the traits of Filipino films and the reason on why it always cater sad stories in his speech When our film industry came into existence in 1917, rather than functions as an art expectedly to reflect the diametrical facets of Philippine life it became a medium of expressing the sadness of a people who suffered from impertinent domination after another. Thiswhy so many years the local films depicted sob stories (cited in Don Jose and the early Philippine Cinema, Quirino,1983).Colonization from different foreign countries was the reason why early cinema depicted into sad stories or drama-genre of films. Current events in our society might be a bighearted influence on the trends of films produced within a certain period of time.Marc Ferro- co director of Annales (ESC) (as cited by del Mundo, 1998), he explored the intersection between history and cinema. We need to study film and see it in relation to the world that produces it what is our hypothesis? that film image or not reality, documentary or fiction, true story or pure invention, is History (pp. 29).Challenges of Philippines Cinema IndustryLike a simple business industry, cinema industry also encounters problem and challenges like financial vista that affect the number of films produce each year, huge amount of taxes placed by the government in the Philippine film industry and at the alike(p) time the lack of support of the government to our filmmakers and film industry.The main root of the low quality movie produced locally is the wrong perspective of most of the filmmakers especially in the mainstream industry. The perspective of a master cinema by Filipinos and filmmakers are represented by the foreign films. The Filipino filmmakers failed to break the influence of the colonialism in the films that they created ( Del Mundo, 1998).The main challenge among Filipino filmmake rs is to go back to the roots of Philippine Culture like moro-moro and zarzuela but not necessarily revive them, but to explore these native sources with new character and identity. This might help Filipino blind eyes of appreciating our own native culture and can bring a promise of brighter succeeding(a) of Philippine Cinema (Del Mundo, 1998).

make or buy decision Essay

IntroductionThe debate to bargain for or aro drill has interpreted many proportionalitys, with wit economists, citizens, politicians, and dutyes pulling the debate to suit their intentions. When the public is dependent on the rational consumption process amid(prenominal) constraints, the politician is obligated to safeguard the interests of their representatives. In the same breath, the denotes of economists and academicians are all overinforming on the implications of each action and businesses have a moral responsibility to remain afloat. The close to buy or make to nigh extent is obvious as no company would survive by reservation all what it uses in its operations and complete buying of the companys products whitethorn make the company lose identity. To some extent, this is true solely on the flipside, the decision to buy or make can be a tough managerial dilemma. The buy or make decision is centered on issues that whitethorn be situational or strategic. Issues that inf luence this decision are emulous advantage, flexibility in the face of technological heightens, and potential coordination inefficiencies. Small pixilateds whitethorn not have choices when called upon to produce through a manufacturing plant whose laying bulge would require a substantial capital. It is common knowledge that firms remain afloat by engaging continuously in decisions that ensure profitability and come outsourcing has over the years given small firms competitive advantages in the manufacturing sector. Established firms have internalized and perfected their production schedules and regimes and efficiency of their production schedules gives them the competitive advantage.How to Make ChoicesMaking this choice as Fine and Whitney (2002. p.25) posit is based on the restrictions unique to every firm. The product itself determines how the firm goes round it to make it happen it is an undertaking that relates to the skill set mandatory to make the product, manufacturing issues, and designing issues. To make it happen, each firm relies on its unique characteristics that determine its competitiveness. The engineering process and solicitude commitment toward a product ought to be harmonized for the prosperity of the company. Because of this, a company must understand its affection competencies, the product development process, the engineering process and systems, its architecture, supply chain modalities and other applicable characteristics (Fine and Whitney 2002 p.1).Taking the example of an automobile industry, varying degrees of outsourcing is apparent. The two big players in US markets GM and Chrysler are the ideal examples of this diversity. GM buys over 70% of its products whereas Chrysler buys save 30% (Fine and Whitney 2002, p.3). This disparity, to some extent, could be attributable to strategic, but also due to GMs contractual obligations to UAW and the fast-growing corporate changes (Fine and Whitney 1996, p.5).While cost may look like i t is the underlying factor, but as Harvard research group posits if this decision to buy or to make is given a one dimension of cost it may be a bad idea as strategic business concerns for example supply chain and forbearing up with node demands could overshadow the gains in cost cutting if they are not favorable (HRG, 2005 3).To-buy decision, according to Chan et al. (2006, p.98) can prove costly due to the high turnover of experts in the field and cost related to training and retraining of these experts to remain relevant to the rapidly changing IT sector. Cost-cutting alone would not be reflective of strategic decision as Leiblein et al. (2002)posit that companies that have some capital intensive production phases may adopt buying option on grounds that changes to the production needs may require further capital outlay and this would threaten the firms profitability (817). On this basis, firms are seen to have much flexible production capacities that client reviews can incorpo rate in phases and not necessarily continuing to sell the product as it was originally produced. The decision to buy also comes with the disincentive of develop further the companys capabilities as it limits the scope of imagination and self-sustenance due to the contracted firm dependence. nigh buy-options have in some ways get competitive edge of firms, as its buying option could be a competitor and fiber can only be close to what the product was intend to be (Leiblein et al. 2002, p.818). Advantages of buyingIt this scope, this study looks into the merits of buying at the expense of making. Flexibility tops the list, as cost cutting cannot be particularly discover by the buying company. Flexibility in terms of production changes and technological alterations to incorporate features that were previously not present increases node needs reactivity. For manufacturing designs and products that require reengineering, buying makes more sense for firms that have small capital o utlay. Some firms require adopting run different from what they currently pursue, which may demand the employment of specialized skills. Through buying, firms do not have to hire such(prenominal) function as the services can be offered from outside the firm. Firms can supplement their skill set without overstretching their accessible security obligations and other employment limitations (Ordoobadi 2005, p.1).Production and manufacturing plants come with risks as regards safety of machines and chemicals that characterize production plants. Through outsourcing manufactured goods, a company can trip out the possibility of such an occurrence. A key reason why many companies go into buying option is to reduce their factor inputs in terms of fight and capital, which in return reduces the potential of increased capital risks and the possibility for increased ability to use innovative and up-to-date developments without paying large amounts of outlay. Firms that opt to buy have the inc entive of focusing on their strengths and core business (Ordoobadi 2005. p.1). Disadvantages of Buying at the Expense of MakingWhen firms make their products, there is the application and use of quality control within the production process. Firms can change the production design halfway and can alter the perceived flaws to fit their intended prototype. In the eccentric of outsourcing, firms contract out their production process and have no control over the other firms production plant and hence cannot change the process midway or change design. In case of a changing design, the contracting-out- firm is likely to pay more, which was the reason for opting to buy. When making product, firms can keep up with supply fluctuations without having to put up with contractual rigidity of outsourcing. In this regard, a firm whose demand suddenly surges is bound toexperience problems, as the making firm capacity may not handle its production. Such issues arise and can threaten not only the pro fitability of the firm but its customer base satisfaction, which may affect long-term projects of the firm. When competitors outsource from the same firm, problems are bound to arise as regards supply capabilities and any sleight hand may lead to reduced competitive edge that was sought initially.Notably, outsourcing can be a disincentive to the morale of employees as they may feel that they are utilise within their capabilities. For instance, a trained structural engineer contracted by the company outsourcing designs may make them feel underutilized. The process of continual contracting out may make such skills underutilized and underdeveloped. Some firms may never experience their optimal capacities when buying skills that can be developed locally (Ordoobadi, 2005. p.1). It is at this backdrop that the decision to buy or make can neither be straightforward nor structured, but must be critically evaluated, consultative, and well scrutinized so that the silk hat can be achieved in a company. The Decision-Making ProcessThe pioneer of this debate proposed one of the oldest methods of making this decision. The Transaction Method proposed by Coase in 1937. As it was observed in IBM stance on outsourcing IT products, IBM is motivated by the desire to increase revenues against the wave of the quest for flexibility, modularity and the needs of the customer (IBM 2005 p.2). All these factors may or may not fit in the transaction method (Nikolakakos and Georgopoulos 2001, p.161). An attempt to consider cost incurred by the company to buy that would otherwise have not been spent had the firm made its products requires an even greater evaluation and a time factor that may not be at the firms disposal. Consequently, the firm must consider its identity and core properties and mission. A company whose mission is to become a market leader in its line of specialization may consider having its production schedules within its business model as buying may expose its unique com petitive and product advantage (Merl and Husa 2006 p.17). The Problem of Mis junctionBidwell (2009) took alignment concerns among contracting-out-firms and observed that firms require a balanced approach to multiple goals to achievealignment to its core business and the nature of this decision is multilevel and unsubstantiated in most firms. Consequently, contracting out can cause a lapse of any of this decisions and as a result problems of uncoordinated functions may arise to hurt the firms independence (5). In purpose, Bidwell (2009) posits that structural components inherent to the firm and decision to outsource or not go hand in hand (12). Things to Consider In Decision-MakingIf a firm chooses to contract out, three aspects come into the play whether there are possibilities of easy exit, or entry if consumer preferences change the probability that customer responsiveness can be enhanced as feedback is acquired from consumers and the chances that the relationship is bound to lead to improve relations and not foiled and endurance rather than mutual and loyal working progress (Preker et al. 2000. p.779). Consequently, buying is considered a continuum that ought to have benefits and rarely sacrifices (Sena and Sena, 2010. p.41). Minh (2011.p.647) looks into the Analytic hierarchy Process AHP while modeling relations of buy or make for Japanese automobile that is dominated by buy options and identifies that this continuum requires that firms to focus on specialized core business areas and not aim to control production model. For example, Toyota buys active two thirds of its products and its unique profitability and growth plan is unmatched.Taylor looks at the economists view of contracting out especially overseas as seen in evident in IBM. The economy looses the potential to employ its populace when business operations are moved to low-cost production areas, for example, India and China. This premise is countered by the fact that these businesses are virtuous ly obligated to ensure sustenance and their collapse would spell doom to the same economy. Furthermore, as this firms move abroad, notably IBM stance to move abroad, they are able to use the advantage attained to offer lower costs for consumers (IBM 2005. p.371).Mohamed et al. (2009 p.144) presents a similar outlook to that of Walker and Weber (1984. p.373) regarding choices. Although they differ on reasons for decisions, they pose that firms require reason choices available tothem and tradeoffs regarding decisions influence on long-term and short term company objectives. Walker and Weber opine that decisions about transactions today are governed by the uncertainty associated with decision and uniqueness or specifity hence, high-specialized goods may better be bought than made. Concerning manufacturing firms they have technologically constrained systems, with inherent limitations in equipment, space, process technology, and other resources such as labor and capital. All of these li mitations make trade-offs in the decision-making process inevitable. The key difference between firms buying and those making is in their individual and unique capabilities. Some firms after trade off are forced to use the focused factory with objectives ranked on priority basis and dealt with in the same outrank (Dabhilkar 2011. p.60). IBM uses the focused system with priority being to enhance flexibility of their product designs. Based on the nature of technology products and consistency of its competitive priorities, its decisions are warranted. However, full like Dell their persistent use of buy-option makes their products lack the appeal that brands like Apple command. The Consequences of DecisionsEven with modularity playing a pivotal role in IBMs decision to consistently buy Arya et al. (2013. p.24), have reservations over such decisions. They argue that the transaction costs lack the accuracy, and the decision to buy or make may be based on a false premise. The difficulty is when computing in-house production estimates with those of external buyers are offering ( IBM 2013 p.24). Consequently, McIvor and Humphreys (2000. p.306) devised a five-stage decision process. In manufacturing decisions, the frontmost stage incorporates the identification of options and categories related to the firms performance. In this stage, IBM poses that setting a plant would enhance the appeal of their core business, yet at a cost higher than its projected growths. Step two involves a detailed analysis of the firms abilities. The limitation of keeping up with technology windfall becomes a headache that ought to be eliminated in their books. What follows is the comparison stage between available options, and in this case, IBM figures that only rigorous training is avoided, as its producers require that its IT incision remain updated with current technology. It also figures that it saves on flexibility and customer responsiveness better by simple designalterations, and n ot plant overhaul, as would be the case had they decided to make. Just like Japanese companies that focus on their strengths, IBM does study suppliers to level that it strategically aligns itself with firms that complements its weaknesses. In short, step one is about be company motive and objectives, step two evaluates options against the fulfillment of goals, step three analyzes the evaluated options on merit and strategic purpose with costs and suitability concerns, and lastly plectron (Bajec and Jakomin 2010 p.288).A follow-up of these procedures as posed by Klein (2005441) ensures that misalignment and mal-adaptation of methods are avoided at an earlier stage. This method of evolution assumes that firms are aware of their business environment, which is not usually the case as some firms thrive on the basis that their competitors are ineffective. IBM may be buying over two thirds of its product components to enhance its chances of profitability, but firms its age have larger a sset bases owing to their ability to have and maintain production plants unlike it, which focuses on the rapidly changing designs to respond to a market, which compromises customer loyalty eventually. Evidently, firms with production plants take time to develop and research a product well before production since they realize that the cost associated with mid production changes to the plants design unlike firms that buy and can rely on changing products midway to respond to customer reviews. ConclusionIn this regard, firms are compelled to make, and in doing so, they must ensure that they consider all the drivers of their markets and products. A blind look at technology change may overshadow the less urgent concern of long-term ambitions, the core business concerns, and capabilities, and participatory decision with stakeholders to ensure that decision achieves flexibility, modularity and gives the firm a competitive edge or strategic gain over an otherwise decision. The decision to b uy or make rests on the management of each firm upon careful consideration of all the factors including costs, flexibility, technology, long-term ambitions, core business and competencies and relative advantage of the decision over the foregone.Reference ListArya, A., Mittendorf, B., & Yoon D.H., 2013. Revisiting the make-or-buy decision Conveying information by outsourcing to rivals. The Accounting Review, pp.1-37. Bajec, P., & Jakomin, I., 2010. A Make-or-buy Decision Process for Outsourcing PROMET-Traffic&Transportation, 22(4), pp.285-291. Bidwell, M., 2010. Problems deciding How the structure of make-or-buy decisions leads to transaction misalignment. Organization Science, 21(2), pp.362-379. Chan, PS., Pollard, D., & Park, S., 2011. IT Outsourcing Strategic implications. Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS), 10(1), pp.97-104. Dabhilkar, M., 2011. Trade-offs in make-buy decisions. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 17(3), pp.158-166. Fine, CH., & Whitney, D.E., 2002. Is the make-buy decision process a core competence? MIT Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial education, pp.1-31. HRG. 2005. HRG Insight Making Successful Sourcing Decisions. Online Available at http//www.hrgresearch.com/pdf/HRG%20Sourcing%20Paper%20Final.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct. 2013. IBM. 2005. Aligning relationships Optimizing the value of strategic outsourcing. Online Available at http//www-935.ibm.com/services/us/so/pdf/aligning_relationships.pdf. Accessed 26 Oct. 2013. Leiblein, MJ., Reuer, JJ., & Dalsace, F., 2002. Do make or buy decisions matter? The influence of organizational governance on technological performance. Strategic management journal, 23(9), pp.817-833. McIvor, R.T., & Humphreys, P.K., 2000. A case-based reasoning approach to the make or buy decision. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 11(5), pp. 295-310. Merl, A., & Husa, M., 2006. Make or Buy decision Outsourcing-A successful method to reduce costs in business processes of international companies? Munich GRIN Verlag. Minh, N.D., 2011. Empirical make-or-buy decision making model in the Japanese Automobile industry, S. Jain, R.R. Creasey, J. Himmelspach, K.P. White, and M. Fu, eds, 2011 Winter Simulation Conference. pp. 647-658. Mohamed, Z.A., Abdullah, H.H., Othman, R., & Uli, J., 2009. Make or Buy Strategy and Origin of Sourcing Materials and Their Relationship with Firm Performance International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(3), pp. 142-155. Nikolarakos, C & Georgopoulos, N 2001. Sourcing Issues to be considered for the make-or-buy decisionsl. Operational Research, 1(2), pp. 161-179. Ordoobadi, S., 2005. Development ofa decision model for strategic outsourcing. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 5(2), pp.7-24. Preker, AS, Harding, A., & Travis, P., 2000. Make or buy decisions in the production of health care goods and services new insights from institutional economics and organizational theory. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78(6), pp.779-790. Sen a, M., & Sena, J., 2011. Make or Buy A comparative assessment of organizations that develop packet internally versus those that purchase software. Journal of Information Systems Applied Research, 4(2), pp.38-52. Taylor, T., 2005. In defense of outsourcing. Cato journal, 25(5), pp.367-377. Walker, G & Weber, D 1998. A transaction cost approach to make-or-buy decisions Administrative attainment quarterly, pp.373-391.

Shariah Issues in Islamic Banking : Bay Al-Inah, Tawarruq and Wa’d

Abstract The rising of the Muslim banking and finance industry is a direct response to the growing awareness amongst Moslem encountering the need of alternative pecuniary products and services that is complied with the teaching of Islam. To be specific only ify, the de cosmosd is establish on the avoidance of the element of Riba which is widely and fundamentally practiced in the conventional banking industry. The attempt by the Moslem banking and finance industry had so far been successful and it could be witnessed by the launching of wide range of sharia law compliant financial products and movement.However, none of us can guarantee that the sharia law compliant products approved are fault-free absolutely. Among the practices of the industry, the practice of Bay al-Inah or the practice of deal and buy-back, Tawarruq which quite commonly employ in Malaysia, with al-Qaeda been criticized strongly especially the voices from the Middle East. The other issue that will be discuss ed briefly in this run into paper is the applicability of Wad , the unilateral expect. Key terms of the research 1 Bay al-Inah 2 Tawarruq 3 Wad 4 Al Ijarah al Muntahiya Bittamleek 5 Statutory DeclarationObjectives of the research Identify the issues of the Bay al-Inah , Tawarruq and Wad encountered by the Islamic banking industry and proposal of an alternative solution to it. Table of content full general INTRODUCTION SHARIAH expel ONE Bay al-Inah The Concept Current Practise of the Industry legitimacy of the Bay al-Inah Alternative Solution SHARIAH ISSUE dickens Tawarruq The Concept Current Practise of the Industry Legitimacy of the Tawarruq Alternative Solution SHARIAH ISSUE THREE Wad The Concept Legitimacy of Wad Solution CONCLUSION REFERENCES GENERAL INTRODUCTIONThe rising of the Islamic banking and finance industry is a direct response to the growing awareness amongst Muslim regarding the need of alternative financial products and services that is complied with the teachi ng of Islam. To be specifically, the demand is based on the avoidance of the element of Riba which is widely and fundamentally practiced in the conventional banking industry. The attempt by the Islamic banking and finance industry had so far been successful and it could be witnessed by the launching of wide range of Shariah compliant financial products and deed.However, none of us can guarantee that the Shariah compliant products approved are fault-free absolutely. Among the practices of the industry, the practice of Bay al-Inah or the practice of sale and buy-back, Tawarruq which quite commonly employ in Malaysia, have been criticized strongly especially the voices from the Middle East. The other issue that will be discussed briefly in this project paper is the applicability of Wad , the unilateral insure. SHARIAH ISSUE ONE Bay al-Inah THE CONCEPTLinguistically, the term Inah carries the marrow of salaf, or biding a loan. It is utilise in this meaning to refer to purchasing on credit. It could also be a derivative of the term ayn, which also means present assets, that is bills. Thus, it de nones a attitude whereby one purchases an asset for its subsequent sale on cash that is needed by him. Bay al-Inah is generally defined as an arrangement whereby a vendor sells to the buyer some object for cash deferred payment then, simultaneously, the seller mmediately buys back the same object for a lesser tote up than the deferred price in cash. Thus, the act amounts to a loan whereby the unlikeness amid the two prices represents the interest . Modus Operandi The above diagram shows the modus operandi of the Bay al-Inah that has been practiced by the Islamic banks in Malaysia so far. In this transaction, the bank sells its asset to the node who is in need of liquidity on credit. The price under the sale includes the banks profit margin aerated on the customer.Subsequently, the bank buys back the asset from the customer for cash payment. Eventually, the cu stomer gets the cash payment, and pay the bank the deferred price over a tenure by achievementic instalments which constitutes the same effect and will of a loan . CURRENT PRACTICE IN THE INDUSTRY In Malaysia, the practice of Inah may take 2 agnomens, depending on the original owner of the asset. If the asset to be used belongs to the customer, the repress is known as Bay Bithaman Ajil (BBA). If the asset belongs to the bank, then the recoil will be named as Bay al-Inah. ven though the wakeless documents may differ from one finance to the another(prenominal), but the common documentation will consist of Property purchase Agreement (PPA) and Property Sale Agreement (PSA). Besides, the Master Facility Agreement will also be prepared to encapsulate and detail out all necessary ingredients of the forwardness granted. These documents reveals that though the two sale contracts are executed separately without making one of them conditional to the other, the master facility Agreeme nt has intelligibly indicated the intention of the parties in entering into these two consecutive sale contracts.LEGITIMACY OF BAY AL-INAH The main proponents of Bay al-Inah is the Shafii naturalize. The Shafii jurists have illustrate their permissibility in a situation whereby a person sells a good on cash or credit terms and hands over self-command, and the parties separate with mutual pleasure about the contract, it is permissible for him to purchase it from the previous buyer for an amount equal to, higher, or humble than the public figureer price, of the same currency as before or different, paying cash or oncredit, after receiving payment for the previous sale or before it.On this basis, according to the authoritative position upheld by the Shafii scholars, the two independent contracts, jointly referres to as Inah are held valid, but reprehensible. This principle change surface applied when one of the two parties is known for the practice of Inah, as according to the principle upheld by the Shafii school, the intention of the parties, even when it happens to be unacceptable, does not result in the invalidity of the contract, unless such intention is given expression in the contractual text.As a result, it will be the baptismal font whereby even the situation indicates the parties intention to carry out a second sale, this will not necessitate the invalidity of the contract. In a simple word, the Shafii school considered the intention of the parties only taken into account when the invalid intention is explicitly written in the contract . In the other side, the Maliki and Hanbali schools opined that the contract of Bay al-Inah is not valid.The Maliki jurists have categorized the process in question under buyu al-ajal, which concerns on the discussion of various form of two sale contract being pickings place in sequence involving combination of different prices and periods. They have described 9 possible variations, the permissibility of two of w hich have been subjects of different opinions, while there is uniformity pertaining to the rest. It was said that when one sells a commodity on a deferred payment and thereafter purchases it again, the price in the second transaction could be deferred for a period equal to the first, shorter than the first, or longer.In each of these situations, the price of the second transaction could be equal to that of the first, lower than, or higher. The types where jurists have differed are -where the price of the second transaction is lower than that of the first, and is on a cash basis and -where the price of the second transaction is higher than that of the first and is deferred for a longer period. Imam Maliki and other jurists regard these formats invalid.They considered the second transaction along with the first, and regard the grounds viable enough to suspect that the break up is to exchange an amount of money with a higher amount that is deferred, which substantially constitutes th e prohibited Riba. Hence, the transaction acts as a medium for attaining what is prohibited and it is invalid inherently. The Hanbali school agreed that the Bay al-Inah is not valid as the difference of the selling price of a commodity with profit margin and the lesser buying price transaction serve as an avenue leading to Riba.One could seek to legalise the sale of one thousand against one thousand five hundred by involving an asset in this manner. But, it was also mentioned that if the price of the second transaction is equal to that or higher than the first transaction, then it is permissible since no margin equal to the nature of Riba is involved. The above ruling applies where the commodity had not diminish in some(prenominal) manner after its sale. If it had diminished, it could be purchased at any price, as any decrease in the price could be against the loss of valuate in the asset, and not for the purpose of Riba.If the purchase is against another asset, or the first sal e was against an asset and the commodity is then repurchased for cash, it is permissible due to the fact that Riba is not applicable amid money and commodities. If the first sale is on cash, and the second sale takes place through another currency, it is permissible. Basically, the determination of validity in contract is based on the parties motive and validity in sale under consideration, the motive of the parties is illegal will put the sale invalid aas it constitutes a legal device to obtain a loan with interest which should be averted.Imam Hanifah from the Hanafi school opined that if the two prices are such that Riba could be applicable such as luxurious and fluid, and are identical in type, for exercise gold, it is not allowed to repurchase the sold commodity except at a price equal to the first, without any ontogeny or decrease in price. If the price of the first sale was such that Riba is not applicable, such as commodities, he may repurchase the sold commodity for a p rice higher than the initial price or lower.If the two prices belong to different types where Riba is applicable such as gold and silver, disparity between them although analogically permissible, but is unlawful based on Istishsan. The majority objection to Bay al-Inah were supported by a number of Hadith attributed to the Prophet and his companions. One of the archetype was the Hadith that the Prophet warned those who practiced Bay al-Inah with calamity (bala) or disparagement (dhill). Another example was a report on a Bay al-Inah transaction that had been brought to the knowledge of Aishah r. a. hich read Aliyah binti Ayfa said I entered Aishahs place with Umm Walad of Zaid bin Arqam and his wife. Then, Umm Walad of Zaid bin Arqam said I had sold a slave to Zaid bin Arqam for 800 dirhams on deferred payment. Then I bought him back from Zaid for 600 dirhams cash. Aishah replied Very bad is what you sold and bought. Convey to Zaid that he had nullified his struggle with the Prophe t, unless he repented. ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION Al Ijarah al Muntahiya Bittamleek Under this structure, the bank ap ranges customer to be its agent to make purchases from the seller.The customer then takes the purchased asset on drive from the bank, for rental payments. At the end of the lease period, the asset will be transferred to the customer via a sale (normally the price of the last rental payment) or as a gift. SHARIAH ISSUE TWO Tawarruq THE CONCEPT Tawarruq has been generally used to refer to an arrangement whereby a person who was in need of cash bought some goods for deferred payment. Then he sold the goods to another party other than the original seller for payment of cash with a lower price . Tawarruq is considered an alteration based on the Bay al-Inah.The distinction between the Bay al-Inah and Tawarruq is that the person who requires liquidity purchases an asset from a seller on credit, thereafter sells it on cash basis at a price lower than the purchase price to the se ller in the case of Bay al-Inah. However, Tawarruq involves a third party whereby the one who requires liquidity purchase an asset from someone on credit, and thereafter sells it, normally for a lower price, to a person other than the original seller. So, the structure does not give a direct indication of Hilah all to undercover the Riba.Modus Operandi CURRENT PRACTICE IN THE INDUSTRY The concept of Tawarruq contract is popular among the contemporary Islamic financial system. In fact, the short term financing which various adaptions of Murabaha was used as the radicalard mode by the majority of Islamic banks in the industry is in deed structurally designed based on this Tawarruq principle. However, there are some variation on the simple structure of Tawarruq due to the reason the Islamic banks encounter objections from the classical scholars with the similar stand and likeness as the way they enounced the Bay al-Inah. One of the most popular variation is the Tawarruq Masrafiy. In this mode of Tawarruq Masrafiy, the Islamic bank is acting as a mere intermediary and does not possess the asset that could be readily brought into the Tawarruq financing process and therefore is in need of liaising with a trader/ broker, usually an external party, for the purpose of facilitating the Tawarruq contract. Similarly, the disposal of such asset by the customer of the facility needs to be further simplified by the mediation of an agent.Hence, this Tawarruq Masrafiy could be more complex in its structure . Modus Operandi LEGITIMACY OF TAWARRUQ Most of the scholars make their conclusion on the validity of Tawarruq based on the same authorities and analogy of the validity of the Bay al-Inah. The scholars who have upheld the permissibility of Tawarruq have fundamentally relied on the general connotation of the verse permitting sale while prohibiting usury. Tawarruq as a type of sale, is include within this context of permissibility due to the absence of any Quranic verse or Hadith that rules it unlawful.The proponents somemore cited the Hadith reported by the Companion Abu Said al-Khudri which narrates that a man from the region of Khaybar who had been contracted the upkeep of a plantation came to the Prophet with some dates of good quality. When the Prophet asked him whether all dates of Khaybar were of similar quality, the man replied in the negative and added that they used to obtain a measure of better dates against two measures of ordinary dates, and two measures against three measures.The Prophet forbade him from doing so and directed him to sell the low quality dates against silver coins, and then purchase better dates against silver . This Hadith indicates the permissibility of using the described method for avoiding involvement in Riba overtly or covertly the medium of a sale is employed, which fulfils all conditions and prerequisites of gross revenue, free of factors that result in its invalidity. The intention of procuring dates of better qu ality as the end result of the transaction has not been considered to invalidate the real structure.Hence, this shows that the legality og the sale transaction where different purposes are intended when the medium utilized is acceptable and free of Riba explicitly and implicitly. As a conclusion for the proponents, it is permissible to attain liquidity through a medium of sale such as the case of Tawarruq when there is a need for doing so. On the other hand, the denouncers of the Tawarruq have mainly concentrated on the aspect of intention.They argues that the intention here is to procure money, which could tentamount to the sale of money against a different amount of money, while the asset serves only as a medium, the acquisition of which is not primarily intended. Therefore the structure strongly connotes the possibility of a legal stratagem adopted for this purpose. thus a major reason for the disapproval of tawarruq is that it appears to be a Hilah adopted for attainment of wha t could otherwise be Riba. It is money against money, with a piece of silk cloth pushed in between. as the stand of Ibn Abbas when he was asked on the question regarding the permissibility issue. One of the frequent cited authorities by these denouncers is the Hadith which reported that The Prophet has said A time is certainly culmination to mankind when people will bite each other and a rich man will hold fast what he has in his possession though he has not commanded for that.Allah the Almighty said (and do not forget liberty between yourselves), and then those who are forced to contract sales while the Prophet forbade forced contracts, one which involves some irresolution and sales of fruits before they are ripe. In a simple word, the end result of the only transaction is their main concern in determining the legality of a particular structure of transaction. Hence, the Tawarruq is deemed nothing but equally to the practice of Riba as the purpose of Tawarruq is to obtain insta nt cash for a higher consideration later.In the OIC Islamic Fiqh Academy in its 15th Meeting, it was decided that the Tawarruq is allowed. However, in its later meeting, ehich is the 17th Meeeting, the OIC Islamic Fiqh Academy clarified its stand on Tawarruq by stating that the Tawarruq Masrafiy that largely adopted by the Islamic financial institutions is disallowed. The reasoning behind the disapproval is that the Tawarruq Masrafiy practiced by the Islamic banks is in the form of organized Tawarruq or pre-planned Tawarruq rather than ad hoc Tawarruq which cuasing it almost synthetic and fictitious as Bay al-Inah in essence.ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION Since the business of Tawarruq shares the similar features of the Bay al-Inah, the alternative solution could be the same as discussed in the former part. Hence the Al Ijarah al Muntahiya Bittamleek could be the substitution for two Bay al-Inah and Tawarruq as a solution for avoiding the Riba element concerned. SHARIAH ISSUE THREE Wad THE CONCEPT The 3-letter root WA-A-D (wad), corresponding to the verb Waada, indicates a promise but can also be used for a threat.The technical definition of Wad (promise) is based upon the linguistic definition, affirming the positive meaning and excluding the negative meaning (threat). A promise has to be for something Maruf (recognized as good by the Shariah and sound intellect). If a promise is to do something bad or wrong, then it is not obligatory to fulfill it and the time in which a promise is to be fulfilled is the future, not the time at which the promise is made. The problem incurred in application of Wad is that some banks claim that their unilateral promise (Wad) is not binding.However if the customer breaks his/ her unilateral promise, then the bank charges the customer for the loss incurred as a result of not fulfilling his unilateral promise . LEGITIMACY OF WAD The resolution 1409H of the Islamic Fiqh Academy has decided that a unilateral promise (Wad) which is issued unilaterally by each orderer or the client, is by religion binding upon the promisor except where otherwise justified. It is also judicially binding if it is made contingent upon a reason and if the unilateral promise (Wad) entails a cost for the unilateral promise (Wad).Insuch cases, the consequences of the binding character of the unilateral promise (Wad) are determined by either the fulfillment of the unilateral promise (Wad) or by reparation for losses actually incurred as a result of the non-fulfillment of the unilateral promise (Wad) without justification. According to the resolution of the Islamic Fiqh Academy that prohibits the Wad to be binding on both parties but allowed it to be so on one of them, it is rather too arbitrarily and hardly acceptable. It should be the other way round whereby one should treat the Wad either binding on both parties or optional for both parties.Making it binding upon one to the exclusion of the other, is illogical and denotes a misinterpretati on of jurisprudential principles. In a summary, it is admissible for Wad as an alternative to a invalid contract to be binding because Wad is analogous to a contract as well. Any suggestion for making it binding upon both or either parties explicitly or impliedly with any other Hilah is not founded on any legitimate basis. SOLUTION The Wad is at its best to be excluded in the practice of the Islamic banking legal documentation system due to the uncertainty and arbitrariness.However, the characteristic of the Wad might be implemented through a contemporary form of statutory declaration in declaring certain sub-condition for the contract between the bank and customer instead of the main terms and conditions of the contract. For example, if the real estate was brought on the purpose for self-staying purpose instead of profit generation, then the statutory declaration may be made in declaring this. This might not be the main issue in the construction of the banks facility agreement whic h must be included within the terms but can be proclaimed in the way of declaration.For the consideration and/or capital punishment that is much important which will affect both parties essentially, of course must be included in the facility documents entered by the parties and there is no point to make it in a rather uncertainty form of Wad. CONCLUSION The Al Ghazali once said that the very objective of the Shariah is to drive the social welfare of the people and whatever ensures the safeguarding of peoples faith, life, intellect, posterity and wealth serves the public interest and is desirable.In the issue of Wad, it is certainly not the best form of contracting to the Islamic banking industry that put much demand on certainty, hence it would be rather fully utilize the bilateral contract on main consideration/performance or only using the statutory declaration on the least important issue such as the example given since the ambiguity part of the Wad is not serving the public i nterest for all. From the point of Shariah, the Bay al-Inah and Tawarruq is not very serving the welfare of people and it has similar oppressive character of Riba.The banks are still getting the pre-determined rate of return and the application of Bay al-Inah or in other name BBA and Tawarruq is mostly cosmetic. If the Islamic banks label their hamburger as a MECCA burger, as long as it still has the same ingredients as a McDonalds burger, is it really any different in substance? It is also the case between the Bay al-Inah, Tawarruq with inherent Riba element and the conventional interest-based loan.References A Book Dr. Muhammad Saleem (2005), Islamic Banking- reflexion and Arguments on Riba (interest or usury), Islamic Banking Practices, Venture Capital and Enlightenment, published by Xlibris Corporation, p26. Professor Rafic Yunus Al-Masri (2002), The Binding Unilateral Promise (Wad) in Islamic Banking Operations Is it allowable for a Unilateral Promise (Wad) to be Binding as a n Alternative to a Proscribed Contract? , J.KAU Islamic Econ, Vol 15 pg29-33 Dr. Mohamad Akram Laldin, The Concept of Promise and bilateral Promise in Financial Contracts A Fiqhi Perspective, The International Shariah Research Academy (ISRA), pg 3-30 Muhammad Abd al Ghaffar, al Tatbiqat al Masrafiyyah li al Tawarruq, pg 16 SH1003 Shariah Rules in Financial Transactions of CIFP Module 2012, published by the International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF), pg 97- 129Dr. Mohd Daud Bakar and Dr. Engku Rabiah Adawiah Engku Ali (2008), Essential Readings In Islamic Finance, CERT Publications Sdn Bhd pg 133-165 http//www. isra. my/media-centre/downloads/finish/7-islamic-banking/273-the-concept-of-promise-and-bilateral-promise-in-financial-contracts-a-fiqhi-perspective-english/0. html retrieved 17/11/2012 20. 00pm http//dahabshilbank. com/cms. php? id=ijarah_en& retrieved 16/11/2012 16. 00pm

How to Make Pupusas

How To I am unique. A type of person that is never mistaken for anyone else (not including looks because my sister looks like me. ) A serve up of cultures are different in every way. Salvadoran is something that describes a lot of the Hispanics that are confused with many Mexicans in this country. In El Salvador pupusas is just as popular as pizza in the United States. It is something originated there and nowhere else in the whole world, until of course the immigrants came with them as they became citizens of this country.This whole essay is more of a How to. It is going to be called, How to make Pupusas. There will be the basic instructions and some of the history behind them. After all of this you will sleep together a fine dinner/lunch/breakfast for your whole life. We will start with the basics. This is no rocket science I will tell you that now. Pupusas is make of a thick homemade corn tortilla. It is filled with a last of cheese, cooked pork meat, and refried beans. To add f lavor, we may add loroco which is a vine flower bud from central America.They are served with curtido (Cabbage slaw with red chili pepperes and vinegar) and a watery tomato salsa. A lot of people mistake the Pupusa with the Gordita from Mexico. The only differences are that the gordita is filled with more ingurgitate and has an opening. This typical Salvadoran food has been around for more than 2000 years. They were created centuries ago by the Pipil tribes. They lived in the territory now shaftn as El Salvador. Until the late forties this food became popular around the country when people moves out of towns to cities.When the Salvadoran Civil War broke down a lot of people were labored to move out of the county, where their destination was the United States. This is what made us come here and migrate with our tradition and culture. This all happened in the 1980s, since that day you can come about pupuserias (places where pupusas are sold) anywhere where there is a major popu lation of Salvadoreans. Some places include the states of Maryland, Texas, California, and the country of Canada as well as many more places.Now that we know all about the history and what pupusas are, lets start cooking First we need to make the masa. In El Salvador, we would have to take moist corn and take it to a place to ground it all up. Here in the United States we are lucky to have Maseca, an all-usage flour that Hispanics use a lot to cook. We mix that up with water until smooth, we dont want it watery though. After that we let it sit for 5-10 minutes. Afterwards you want to gather a ball of dough and make about a few 2 diameter wide balls.Try to make a little dent in the nerve centre of the ball, that way there would be a little pocket for the filling. Make sure that it is thick, afterward you put cheese or beans, or pork in the middle. Then we have to close it like a dumpling, after we have it closed you want to make the circle again. You could put a little minute of o il on both sides so then when you put it on the skillet it wont stick and burn. You put the skillet on medium-high and let it rest there for about two minutes on each side.Overall with the prep and cooking time it would take you about 45 minutes. Everything is very childly to make and super delicious. The last thing to make would be el curtido and la salsa. To make el curtido you will need a cabbage, carrots, and jalapenos or chili peppers, and vinegar. You chop up the cabbage into thin slices and the carrots. The jalapenos can be chopped in tiny squares so that way spice dont trounce the taste. Then you mix all of those ingredients into vinegar and water and you let it sit throughout the night, make sure to do this a day beforehand.The salsa is way gentle to make, all you need would be tomatoes, salt, and pepper. You boil the tomatoes in a pan filled with water, make sure that they get soft but not completely destroyed. Then you blend it with water and put some salt and pepper. You can also add chopped onions or green peppers to the mix. Then you just blend all of those together and you just put it on a container with the container of el curtido for serving time I hope this helped out and now you can make whoopie a little bit of my home country, something super valuable to me and my culture.

Student Life

Your exam will be multiple plectrum Exam 1 Introductory Chemistry Be sure to show your set up for all mathematical problems. Your retorts must commence the correct design of significant digits and the correct units. I. Chemistry is a v glassfulnary science therefore we must make measurements. only measurements have an uncertainty that we need to be aw are(predicate) of in our calculations. A. We need to be able to even up the tot of significant figures in a measurement. For the spare-time activity measurement put up the number of significant figures. (4pts) 1. 1. 000 cm 2. 2. 590 x 10-5 m 4 3. . 020 g 4. gravitational constant cm 2 1 B. We need to be able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide with measurements. Solve the by-line problems. (4 pts) 1. 3. 02 cm + 5 cm + 0. 002 cm = 8 cm 3. 2. 0 cm x 2. 00 cm x 2. 000 cm = 8. 0 cm3 2. 5. 35 g 0. 005 g = 5. 35 g 4. 7. 89 g / 5. 2 mL = 1. 5 g/mL B. It is a good deal necessary to convert from one unit to another. This is slow accomplished with the right unit factor. Solve the following problems. 1. During the last six lunar landings 842 pounds of Moon samples have been collected. What is this galvanic pile expressed in kilograms? ( 2. pounds = 1 kilograms) (4 pts) 842 lbs x 1 kg / 2. 2 lbs = 382. 7272727 kg = 380 kg 2. If a 250 mL beaker weighs 95. 4 g, what is the mass in kilograms? (4 pts) 95. 4 g x 1kg / 1000g = 0. 0954 kg = 9. 54 x 10-3 kg 3. If the radius of an oxygen tinge is 6. 6 x 10 (5 pts) 6. 6 x 10 10 dm x 1 m / 10 dm x 109 nm/ 1 m = 6. 6 x 10-2 nm -10 dm, what is the radius in nm? 1 C. Chemists practically deal with percent problems. As long as you remember that percent refers to per 100, these problems can be solved. 1. A penny minted after 1982 is composed of copper and coat only. If a penny has a mass of 2. 07 g and is 2. 50 % copper. What is the mass of zinc in the capital? (5 pts) 2. 507 g x 2. 50/100 = 0. 062675 g of Cu 2. 507 g of penny 0. 062675 g of Cu = 2. 444325 g = 2. 4 44 g of Zn (2. 44 g of Zn is correct also) D. Density is a actually important concept for chemist. The tightness of a bone marrow can be obtained in a chemistry laboratory. 1. A rubber nag with a mass of 23. 75 g is dropped in a 50-mL gradational cylinder that has 20. 4 mL of pee. After the stopper is dropped in the graduated cylinder, the water level rises to 24. 7 mL. What is the niggardness of the rubber stopper? 5 pts) 2. 375 g / (24. 7 mL 20. 4 mL) = 5. 523255814 g / mL = 5. 52 g / mL (5. 5 g /mL is accepted) We can make predictions if the density is known. 2. A glass cylinder contains four liquid points atomic number 80 (d = 13. 6 g/mL), chloroform (d = 1. 49 g/mL), water (d = 1. 00 g/mL), ether (d = 0. 708 g/mL). If a piece of ice (d = 0. 917 g/mL) is dropped into the cylinder, where does it come to easiness? Why? (5 pts) The mercury layer will be on the bottom, then the chloroform, then the water, and finally the ether. The ice will sink in the ether layer and floa t on top of the water layer.If the density is know, we can we can find the mass of a given volume or the volume of a given mass. 3. The density of atomic number 13 is 2. 70 g/mL. What volume will 250 g of Al worry? What is the mass of a piece of atomic number 13 with a volume of 250 mL? (6 pts) 250 g of Al x 1 mL / 2. 70 g = 92. 59259259 mL = 93 mL 250 mL of Al x 2. 70 g / 1 mL = 675 g = 680 g 2 Using the density prise we can indirectly obtain distances that are in like manner small to measure directly. 4. A sample of aluminum dumbfound has a length of 10. 0 cm and a width of 5. 7 cm. If the aluminum foil weighs 0. 234 g, what is the ponderousness of the aluminum foil?Remember that the density of aluminum is 2. 70 g/mL. (6 pts) Volume of Al = length x width x thickness = mass / density 0. 234 g x 1 mL / 2. 70 g = 0. 0866666666 mL 0. 086666666 mL / 10. 0 cm x 5. 7 cm = 0. 001520467 cm = 1. 5 x 10 3 cm E. Heat and temperature are two real important concepts. 1. In your own wor ds, please state the difference between heat up and temperature. What is a coarse unit of from each one? (5 pts) Heat measures the total push of a sample and temperature measure the intensity of heat or the average heat of a sample. A common unit of heat is a nutritionists calorie and a common unit of temperature is Kelvin.It is important to be able to convert from one temperature unit to another. 2. aluminium melts at 1220 F. (You can see why aluminum is not a liquid at mode temperature) What is the melting point of aluminum in dot Celsius ( C) and in Kelvin o C (6 pts) (K)? (oF 32 oF) x 100 oC = 180 oF (1220 oF 32)(100 / 180) = 660 oC 660 oC + 273 = 933 K o o 3. Give the ions present and their relative verse in potassium sulfate. a) b) c) d) e) 1K+ and 1 SO42K+ and 1 SO321K+ and 2 SO422K+ and 1 SO423K+ and 1 SO43- 3 4. How many cm2 are in an area of 4. 21in2? a. b. c. d. e. 10. 7 cm2 114 cm2 27. cm2 1. 66 cm2 1. 14 cm2 5. In performing a multistep calculation, when shou ld you round score the answer in the calculator display? (5 pts) In a multistep calculation you should round off the answer at the end of the calculation E. Matter and Energy. 1. We larn four terms in chapter 4, varied florilegium, akin mixture, compound, and element. Please an example of each. (8 pts) An example of a abstruse mixture is the earths crust. A heterogeneous mixture can be separated into unmingled nerves by physical methods. An example of a undiversified mixture is salt water.The properties of a homogeneous mixture constant for a given sample. An example of a compound is NaCl. A compound can be broken down into elements by ordinary chemical substance reactions. An example of an element is Na. An element is a substance that can not be broken down further by a chemical reaction. 2. touch on symbolisations and Names (10 pts) 1. sodium 2. iron 3. carbon 4. nitrogen 5. phosphorous d c e b a a. P b. N c. Fe d. Na e. C 4 1. Cl 2. Ce 3. Cu 4. Co 5. Ca e c b d a a. Calcium b. Copper c. atomic number 55 d. Cobalt e. Chlorine 3. Give an example for each of the following terms (8 pts) a. hysical lieu Appearance, melting point, simmering point, density, heat and electrical conductivity, solubility, and physical state downstairs normal conditions are all examples of physical properties. b. chemical property A chemical property of a substance describes its chemical reactions with other substances. The chemical property of sodium states that sodium will react with water to form hydrogen gas. c. physical switch A physical change include changing shape, volume, or physical state. For example when water changes to ice. d. chemical change A chemical change always involves the organisation of a new substance.Gas bubbles from the reaction of atomic number 20 with water. Fill in the blanks of the following table Symbol number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons mass number 37 Cl17 20 18 48 Cr3+ 24 24 21 24 Mg 12 12 12 37 48 24 Might not be on test. take aim teacher. Chlorine has two stable isotopes with masses of 34. 97 amu and 36. 97 amu. What is the relative abundance of the two isotopes? a. b. c. d. e. 50. 00% 35Cl and 50. 00 % 37Cl 35. 45% 35Cl and 64. 55 % 37Cl 64. 55% 35Cl and 35. 45% 37Cl 24. 23% 35Cl and 75. 77 % 37Cl 75. 77 % 35Cl and 24. 23 % 37Cl 5Student conductYour exam will be multiple choice Exam 1 Introductory Chemistry Be sure to show your set up for all mathematical problems. Your answers must have the correct number of significant digits and the correct units. I. Chemistry is a quantitative science therefore we must make measurements. All measurements have an uncertainty that we need to be aware of in our calculations. A. We need to be able to determine the number of significant figures in a measurement. For the following measurement state the number of significant figures. (4pts) 1. 1. 000 cm 2. 2. 590 x 10-5 m 4 3. . 020 g 4. 1000 cm 2 1 B. We need to be able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide with measurements. Solve the following problems. (4 pts) 1. 3. 02 cm + 5 cm + 0. 002 cm = 8 cm 3. 2. 0 cm x 2. 00 cm x 2. 000 cm = 8. 0 cm3 2. 5. 35 g 0. 005 g = 5. 35 g 4. 7. 89 g / 5. 2 mL = 1. 5 g/mL B. It is often necessary to convert from one unit to another. This is easily accomplished with the right unit factor. Solve the following problems. 1. During the last six lunar landings 842 pounds of Moon samples have been collected. What is this mass expressed in kilograms? ( 2. pounds = 1 kilograms) (4 pts) 842 lbs x 1 kg / 2. 2 lbs = 382. 7272727 kg = 380 kg 2. If a 250 mL beaker weighs 95. 4 g, what is the mass in kilograms? (4 pts) 95. 4 g x 1kg / 1000g = 0. 0954 kg = 9. 54 x 10-3 kg 3. If the radius of an oxygen atom is 6. 6 x 10 (5 pts) 6. 6 x 10 10 dm x 1 m / 10 dm x 109 nm/ 1 m = 6. 6 x 10-2 nm -10 dm, what is the radius in nm? 1 C. Chemists often deal with percent problems. As long as you remember that percent refers to per 100, these problems can be solved. 1. A penny minted after 1982 is composed of copper and zinc only. If a penny has a mass of 2. 07 g and is 2. 50 % copper. What is the mass of zinc in the coin? (5 pts) 2. 507 g x 2. 50/100 = 0. 062675 g of Cu 2. 507 g of penny 0. 062675 g of Cu = 2. 444325 g = 2. 444 g of Zn (2. 44 g of Zn is correct also) D. Density is a very important concept for chemist. The density of a substance can be obtained in a chemistry laboratory. 1. A rubber stopper with a mass of 23. 75 g is dropped in a 50-mL graduated cylinder that has 20. 4 mL of water. After the stopper is dropped in the graduated cylinder, the water level rises to 24. 7 mL. What is the density of the rubber stopper? 5 pts) 2. 375 g / (24. 7 mL 20. 4 mL) = 5. 523255814 g / mL = 5. 52 g / mL (5. 5 g /mL is accepted) We can make predictions if the density is known. 2. A glass cylinder contains four liquid layers mercury (d = 13. 6 g/mL), chloroform (d = 1. 49 g/mL), water (d = 1. 00 g/mL), ether (d = 0. 708 g/mL). If a piece of ice ( d = 0. 917 g/mL) is dropped into the cylinder, where does it come to rest? Why? (5 pts) The mercury layer will be on the bottom, then the chloroform, then the water, and finally the ether. The ice will sink in the ether layer and float on top of the water layer.If the density is know, we can we can find the mass of a given volume or the volume of a given mass. 3. The density of aluminum is 2. 70 g/mL. What volume will 250 g of Al occupy? What is the mass of a piece of aluminum with a volume of 250 mL? (6 pts) 250 g of Al x 1 mL / 2. 70 g = 92. 59259259 mL = 93 mL 250 mL of Al x 2. 70 g / 1 mL = 675 g = 680 g 2 Using the density value we can indirectly obtain distances that are too small to measure directly. 4. A sample of aluminum foil has a length of 10. 0 cm and a width of 5. 7 cm. If the aluminum foil weighs 0. 234 g, what is the thickness of the aluminum foil?Remember that the density of aluminum is 2. 70 g/mL. (6 pts) Volume of Al = length x width x thickness = mass / density 0 . 234 g x 1 mL / 2. 70 g = 0. 0866666666 mL 0. 086666666 mL / 10. 0 cm x 5. 7 cm = 0. 001520467 cm = 1. 5 x 10 3 cm E. Heat and temperature are two very important concepts. 1. In your own words, please state the difference between heat and temperature. What is a common unit of each? (5 pts) Heat measures the total energy of a sample and temperature measure the intensity of heat or the average heat of a sample. A common unit of heat is a calorie and a common unit of temperature is Kelvin.It is important to be able to convert from one temperature unit to another. 2. Aluminum melts at 1220 F. (You can see why aluminum is not a liquid at room temperature) What is the melting point of aluminum in degree Celsius ( C) and in Kelvin o C (6 pts) (K)? (oF 32 oF) x 100 oC = 180 oF (1220 oF 32)(100 / 180) = 660 oC 660 oC + 273 = 933 K o o 3. Give the ions present and their relative numbers in potassium sulfate. a) b) c) d) e) 1K+ and 1 SO42K+ and 1 SO321K+ and 2 SO422K+ and 1 SO423K+ and 1 SO 43- 3 4. How many cm2 are in an area of 4. 21in2? a. b. c. d. e. 10. 7 cm2 114 cm2 27. cm2 1. 66 cm2 1. 14 cm2 5. In performing a multistep calculation, when should you round off the answer in the calculator display? (5 pts) In a multistep calculation you should round off the answer at the end of the calculation E. Matter and Energy. 1. We learned four terms in chapter 4, heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous mixture, compound, and element. Please an example of each. (8 pts) An example of a heterogeneous mixture is the earths crust. A heterogeneous mixture can be separated into pure substances by physical methods. An example of a homogeneous mixture is salt water.The properties of a homogeneous mixture constant for a given sample. An example of a compound is NaCl. A compound can be broken down into elements by ordinary chemical reactions. An example of an element is Na. An element is a substance that can not be broken down further by a chemical reaction. 2. Match Symbols and Names (10 pts) 1. sodium 2. iron 3. carbon 4. nitrogen 5. phosphorous d c e b a a. P b. N c. Fe d. Na e. C 4 1. Cl 2. Ce 3. Cu 4. Co 5. Ca e c b d a a. Calcium b. Copper c. Cesium d. Cobalt e. Chlorine 3. Give an example for each of the following terms (8 pts) a. hysical property Appearance, melting point, boiling point, density, heat and electrical conductivity, solubility, and physical state under normal conditions are all examples of physical properties. b. chemical property A chemical property of a substance describes its chemical reactions with other substances. The chemical property of sodium states that sodium will react with water to form hydrogen gas. c. physical change A physical change include changing shape, volume, or physical state. For example when water changes to ice. d. chemical change A chemical change always involves the formation of a new substance.Gas bubbles from the reaction of calcium with water. Fill in the blanks of the following table Symbol number of protons n umber of neutrons number of electrons mass number 37 Cl17 20 18 48 Cr3+ 24 24 21 24 Mg 12 12 12 37 48 24 Might not be on test. Ask teacher. Chlorine has two stable isotopes with masses of 34. 97 amu and 36. 97 amu. What is the relative abundance of the two isotopes? a. b. c. d. e. 50. 00% 35Cl and 50. 00 % 37Cl 35. 45% 35Cl and 64. 55 % 37Cl 64. 55% 35Cl and 35. 45% 37Cl 24. 23% 35Cl and 75. 77 % 37Cl 75. 77 % 35Cl and 24. 23 % 37Cl 5

Palestine vs Orientalism Essay

Joe Saccos paradise is a journalists journey through stunned the Palestinian lifestyle, Israel and other facets of the state. Not plainly does Sacco voluntarily put himself into a dangerous occupied territory but he also assembles himself as a character in his engaging novel. Sacco is collecting the stories of the Palestinians and the destruction that Israelis have brought to their lives and families.Edward expresss Orientalism provides a par all toldel to Saccos novel, as he conveys a plethora of false assumptions underlying Western attitudes toward the East. Said examines the different aspects of orientalism and gives light to the fact that beca mapping orientalism has lasted in our world this long, it has no . Although Saids Orientalism is quasi(prenominal) to Saccos promised land, Saids description of the Western world and its view of the East require one to avow on Saccos examples of true life stories to determine ones own definition of orientalism.Saccos Palestine gives r eaders an inside look into the diminishing Palestinian life during the front intifada in which Sacco was present. The first intifada was a very powerful and liberating time in Palestine, as the citizens were revolting against the Israeli business organisation of the Palestinian Territories Israel had control all over. After witnessing the horrific tragedy that many Palestinians experience each day from Israel, Sacco interviews a family that has lost their stable income and family heritage.An older man explains The olive steer is our main source of livingwe use the oil for our food and we buy clothes with the oil we sella good roman tree can produce 20-30 liters in a year here we have nothing else but the trees The Israelis get by that an olive tree is the same as our sons (Sacco 61-62). Not only did the Israeli soldiers cut down all of the families olive trees leaving them with nothing, the soldiers also forced the older man Sacco interviewed to cut some of his own olive trees down by himself.This incident is extremely powerful and moving, knowing that for a lifetime this man had a stable income and knew that his family would always be taken care of with these trees and now he is organism over provide by the soldiers to take that all away. This provides a clear example of the helplessness that Palestinians experience under Israeli occupation of their home fetch. Both readings prove to be valid in their explanations of orientalism and anti-orientalism although, Edward Saids root of orientalism is indefinite which is obtained in Saccos Palestine and the day-to-day lives of the Palestinians that Sacco presents.The western influence has burrowed into the lives of the orient and created turmoil mingled with Israelis and Palestinians. The Western support of Israel has only heightened the resentment toward Palestinians. As an Israeli business woman states her Orientalist view toward Palestine Maybe, if I were a Palestinian Id be a terrorist, too, to get back my land (Sacco 254). It is evident that these Western ideas of the said Terrorists have spread so rapidly into Israel, when in reality Israel and the in-your-face techniques their soldiers are taught to use against the Palestinians are in fact terrorist attacks in themselves.Despite the similarities Saids Orientalism stands out beyond the true context of Saccos Palestine. in short, Orientalism is a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient (Said 3). Because of the agreement between the Western states and Israel, the Israeli army and governmental views are very similar to the ones the Western world has, thus, creating authority over the Israeli Orient. On the other hand Saccos Palestine shows readers the evil and much or less terrorist comparable views of Israel.Taha, a Palestinian expresses his anger towards Israel when his friend, Shreef, admits that he wants a visa in able to extend in Israel. Shreef states that he has no problem with the Israelisthey are like Europeans (Sacco 2). Taha reacts abruptly, slamming his over-sized clenched fist down onto the game table that had before held chess pieces. With saliva connecting between his teeth, with long mouth, Taha lets out a startling.Palestine is an underdeveloped and vulnerable state Israel is able to build a stronger built army with powerful tactics in order to take advantage of the weak and pacific (peaceful) air of the Palestinians. Throughout Saccos journey he soon realizes that what he has encountered is now more of a expedition. He even goes as far as to name a sub-chapter Pilgrimage, showing the reader that theyve been on this pilgrimage with him. The families that let this American journalist, Joe Sacco, into their lives are very brave in showing him their true pain and struggle.many of the interviewees struggle with the question is Sacco going to do anything to help them after they let him into their lives. The facts and stories that are full forcibly thrown at Sacco and the readers make it hard to not spread the word about the occupy accident in Palestine and the torture that the innocent Palestinians must go through every day. Even if Saccos novel doesnt make a significant change in Palestine how they are set it may although, make a significant change in a person of any race, and render that person to examine their own life and be thankful for what they have.Ultimately, Saids careful and nice wording provides a better standpoint for the argument of the other within Orientalism. With the other conclusively being someone of another race, nationality, religion and/or gender. Orientalism will continue to exist be taught and learned, until the western and the eastbound come to an underline consensus about each other. A reason for the westerns view about the east and ill-doing versa is a lack of knowledge about one other. Sacco made a lasting impression with his work in Palestine in order to more accurately educate those who k now nothing more than bias, orientalism views.