Research Problem Statement

INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SMOKING CAMPAIGNERS THREATENING THE FUTURE OF THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN MALAWI. Tobacco is Malawi’s green gold. Tobacco earns about 60% of Malawi’s forex thereby qualifying to be the major contributor to Malawi’s economy. For the past few years, the tobacco marketing season has been characterized by high rejection rates at the auction floors, a great number of bales returning with no sales, and low average prices.The 2011 tobacco marketing season proved to be the worst with burley average price falling by 41% from US$1. 90/kg in 2010 to US$1. 13/kg in 2011. The total average price on the auction floors was 33% lower as compared to the 2010 average price (US$1. 86/kg to US$1. 24/kg). International Tobacco Growers’ Association (ITGA) Tobacco Courier: Quarterly Publication No. 52 December 2011 – www. tobaccoleaf. org. Although the average price for all tobacco types improved in the 2012 marketing season from US$1. 4/kg in 2011 to US$2. 22/kg in 2012, the volumes of the crop dropped significantly from 208 million kgs in 2011 to 79. 6 million kgs in 2012 representing a drop of about 62%. – TCC 2012 Tobacco Sales Summary. This could be as a result of the impact the poor prices had on tobacco farmers in the previous season and also the uncertainty surrounding the future of tobacco production due to international treaties like the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FTCT).In November, 2010, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) CoP4 through their Working Committees on various Articles of FCTC, approved in principle to regulate flavouring ingredients which they believe increases the attractiveness of tobacco products. The Conference also recommended the restriction or total banning of additives or flavourings used in the manufacturing of tobacco products. Internet Source: www. tobaccoleaf. org. (21. 08. 2012).A number of other recommen dations were also discussed which when adopted would mean doom for the tobacco industry. Malawi is one of the countries to be affected if WHO-FTCT’s measures are adopted. Malawi should therefore lobby for international support in ensuring that recommendations and guidelines by the WHO-FCTC are not implemented without considering Malawi’s concerns since tobacco production remains the backbone of Malawi’s economy and a livelihoods for most Malawians in the rural areas.

Analysis of a Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay

This poem by Langston Hughes is a very complicated. In it the speaker paints a picture of what might happen to someone’s dream if it is postponed too long. This idea is the overall theme of the poem and it is what unifies and connects each line to the poem as a whole. There are also indirect references that this is not only the dream of an individual, but an entire race’s struggle to achieve peace and liberation. This poem consists of a series of answers to the question, â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† All of the lines following this first question are presented as different similes. The first line of this poem is the most crucial because it develops and sets the direction for the poem itself. It makes the reader think about what happens to a dream when you put it aside for an uncertain amount of time. It is not referring to the dreams someone might have when they are asleep, but rather the goals they have set out for themselves and wish to accomplish. The poem does not choose or assign a dream to the individual or group, but leaves it up to the reader to decide what they feel is important to them. There are two levels of interpretation that can be seen at this point in time. There is the dream of the individual person and what they wish to achieve themselves. There is also the dream of an entire race and what they hope to achieve as a group. The word â€Å"deferred† was a wonderful way to articulate the idea of a postponed and possibly overdue dream. This line is followed by a series of rhetorical questions that indirectly answer themselves. The speaker firmly states the idea that delaying any dream could lead to damaging effects. Each line describes what these destructive effects and to what end it could lead. The second line asks if the dream dries up â€Å"Like a raisin in the sun.† This metaphor of a dream as a raisin forces the reader to think about the changes that might occur to a dream if it is left alone too long. Does it dry up and wither away? Even though a raisin is already dried, if it is left out in the sun for an extended period of time it would become hard and tough which would make it much harder to enjoy. Thus, if a  dream is left to wither or is unused it could shrivel away to something that is no longer useful or capable of being enjoyed. Someone’s aptitude would surely grow stiff and dry up if it was not allowed to be used. This line creates the allusion that if you don’t achieve your dreams they could dry out and leave you feeling unnourished. As the poem progresses the images and comparisons made evoke more emotion from the reader. The poem suggests that if the dream does not dry up it could â€Å"fester like a sore- / And then run.† This creates an image and reminds the reader about the pain that is felt when you are injured. This line means that the dream could become irritating like a fresh sore that you wish would dry up so it can heal, but instead lingers and runs. The uncompleted dreams effects could become frustrating and the external wound would be a constant reminder of the things you have not yet attained. The line â€Å"fester like a sore-† creates a tender image and illustrates the exasperating and slow healing process the body must undergo in order to recover properly. This question alludes that when you don’t accomplish your dreams it can be like a sore that never completely heals and always appears fresh. The damaging effects of not completing your dreams becomes more explicit as the poem progresses. The speaker asks if the dream deferred stinks â€Å"like rotten meat.† It reinforces the previous grotesque question and the idea that if you leave a dream out too long it will eventually begin to fester and rot like meat. The idea that a dream has the potential to become rotten is an interesting concept. The dream could begin to rot in the person’s mind or heart, which would cause them to become sick. This line could also be an indirect reference to the lynching that occurred during the speaker’s era. It could be referring to the rancid smell of the dangling lifeless bodies. This reinforces the idea that the speaker is talking about the struggle of an entire race and how important it is to rise up as a group to accomplish your dreams because if anything is left alone too long it will eventually begin to decay. At this point the poem begins to talk about the lighter, but still negative effects of not completing a dream. The speaker implies that if the dream does not begin to rot it could â€Å"crust and sugar over- / Like a syrupy sweet.† This line compares not accomplishing a dream or goal to a sugary substance. If either  of these is exposed for too long it would begin to form a rigid and stale crust along the surface. This hard crust would make the substance more difficult to use and could make the dream more difficult to achieve. A dream that is hard and separated is much harder to achieve, and this could lead to feelings of depression. These feelings would make the dream appear more complex and create a bigger struggle for the person to obtain their goals. The other image this line depicts is a scab crusting over. Everyone has or will have some sort of injury that will result in a scab sometime in their life. This is a powerful image that connects the reader to the image the speaker is trying to portray. Although a scab is not typically thought of as something sweet it eventually crusts over â€Å"like a syrupy sweet† and becomes solid. Even though these two images are not typically compared, it reinforces the crusty and hard image this line is trying to convey. This question insinuates that you should savor and protect your dreams so they do not become old, sour, and stiff. They should be preserved properly so that they remain obtainable. In the second stanza the speaker proposes the idea that if the dream does not crust over â€Å"Maybe it just sags- / Like a heavy load.† This suggests that not following through with your dreams could weigh you down, which would be another damaging effect. It implies that maybe your dream sags, like when a person is carrying something heavy, causing them to move at a sluggish pace. This unhurried pace could lead to clumsiness, which could cause the load to appear heavier than it really is. The word â€Å"Maybe† reinforces that this line is not a question, but rather a suggestion. This suggestion implies that the dream could become hard to bear due to the mental uncertainty that could lead people to ask â€Å"what if† questions. Asking these questions is often a form of self-sabotage because they can never be answered. The development from line to line becomes more intense and graphic as the poem progresses. The last line asks the reader if none of these previous affects have happened, would the dream just â€Å"explode.† This word creates an image of a bomb that could cause a great deal of destruction. This idea is the most devastating effect of not accomplishing your dream because not many things are salvageable after an explosion and it is usually used as a last resort. This suggests the idea that if a dream is postponed too long it would eventually turn into a bomb. This explosion could potentially cause more damage to the person than if  they had attempted to accomplish the dream and failed, due to the fact that it could never be pieced back together. After a dream has been shattered it is no longer achievable. This line is more powerful than the others because it has a deeper message behind it. I think it is a threat on the level of the whole race. If a dream is deferred too long, then it could explode into violence. If this occurred, it would do an unspeakable amount of damage to the righteous cause and make the whole race appear barbaric. It could also cause an individual or an entire race to lose hope and â€Å"explode† with grief causing them to fall apart and feel helpless. These feelings could make someone feel that suicide is the only escape or might lead them to become more aggressive towards others. These two ideas are by far the most damaging affects that could happen if you don’t strive to accomplish your goals and dreams. This poem is very intricately woven and pieced together. The speaker uses comparisons in every line to reinforce and emphasize the main theme of the poem. The indirect references added to the overall complexity of the poem. Each line highlights and unifies the poem because every line relates back to the detrimental effects of what could happen if a dream is deferred. What happens to a dream deferred?

Code-switching: The Effects for Students and Teachers

Introduction In the current global economic climate, the ability to speak English has become an important business tool. English has essentially become the â€Å"universal second language† of the international labour market, and the socio-economic significance of this cannot be overstated (Light, 2007: 9). It is now commonplace for many universities across the world to teach courses in English as well the native language of their country. One of the most apparent consequences of this has been the widespread use of code-switching, where multiple languages are spoken in everyday communication. As such, code-switching is often seen as a social as well as a linguistic medium. This paper will attempt to demonstrate the causes and effects of code-switching in bilingual classes. The Definition of Code-switching Code-switching involves the use of multiple languages, where speakers of additional languages incorporate alternate linguistic elements into their source language. As such, two or more languages may be spoken alternately during a conversation. Chan et al (2009) usefully describe code-switching as â€Å"the intra-sentential switching of two different languages in a spoken utterance† (Chan et al, 2009: 281). The Causes and Effects of Using of Code-switching in an Academic Context The academic use of code-switching involves a more complex and random effect than can be fully explained by a students ability to speak in a certain language. Recent (debatable) research has identified reasons behind the occurrence of code-switching and the extent to which the process of learning has been affected. A large number of situations are considered to be causes of code-switching, one of which is linked to gaps in students’ linguistic ability. As a result, students may engage in code-switching in order to overcome linguistic shortcomings; however this cause may be considered a weak justification. In other cases, a lack of one or more words in either language may lead to code-switching. That is to say, bilinguals make clear that they code-switch when they cannot find the correct expression or term. Often the target language simply does not have the exact word needed in order to maintain a discussion smoothly, and code-switching is necessary. In addition, code-switching can have a positive impact in an academic context. An important teaching skill is the ability to transfer knowledge to students in a clear and efficient manner, and so code-switching can be a useful tool in the classroom for both teachers and students (Bista, 2010: 1). Code-switching may also be used to emphasize a point, or to add more force to a phrase. On a psychological level, learners often code-switch when they feel tired or angry. For example when the speaker is in a good mood, the appropriate word or expression in their second language is easily identified. However if the speaker is distracted in any way, they may find it difficult to grasp the correct word. In a purely linguistic capacity, code-switching may be used to compliment a statement, where it can particularly reinforce an intention or meaning of the speaker. Although sometimes viewed as linguistic incompetence this is not always the case. Code-switching will often occur when the speaker wishes to compensate for a lack of a verbal equivalent in the second language. Baker (2007) describes this well: â€Å"Words or phrases in two languages may not correspond exactly, and the bilingual may switch to one language to express a concept that has no equivalent in the culture of the other language† (Baker, 2007:108). There are also personal and social reasons for code-switching in that one’s choice of words can represent an expression of their personality. Allatson (2007) suggests factors that can lead to code-switching as location, class, gender and age. In addition the relationship between the speakers; the formal or informal nature of the conversation and the social status of the speakers can also be factors (Allatson, 2007: 73). Another social explanation is that speakers tend to code switch to attract attention. In Saudi Arabia, for example, code-switching is often used among teenagers to draw the attention of their colleagues. Furthermore they switch from Arabic to English to show that they are confident about themselves. In general, code-switching effects are widely perceived as negative. Namely, there is a tendency to view code-switching as barrier to learning and as being disruptive to the learning environment. Accordingly, the practice has been considered as a sign of linguistic deficiency. Li (2008) notes that despite code-switching being commonplace in both the speech and writing of multilingual societies (often with English as the second language), it is usually frowned upon by multilingual speakers within these societies. (Li, 2008: 76). In an academic context, studies by Arrifin and Husin (2011) have observed that learners with a greater linguistic ability often see code-switching as and obstacle to becoming fluent in a second language. Their findings indicated that students with a degree of competence in English found it difficult to make progress in an environment of code-switching (Arrifin et al, 2011: 221). Other studies have reached similar conclusions. Bista (2010) conducted a study in the US which found that code-switching not only had a negative impact on the linguistic learning ability of students, but also highlighted lack of ability in the second language as a primary cause of code-switching (Bista, 2010: 1). Others have a different view however, in particular that code-switching may be perceived as ‘linguistic resourcefulness’. Baker (2007) argues that users of code-switching show impressive cognitive, linguistic, and social skills. In his view code-switchers may be preserving the meaning of their original statement by overcoming the lack of a suitable word in the second language (Baker, 2007: 56-57). Surveys of a number of English language students have reported that they view code-switching as having a considerable influence on the learning process. From their perspective, code-switching assists in understanding the more complex linguistic elements of the second language. It may also help in the translation from their first language to the target one. Conclusion It may apparently be concluded that the impression of code-switching as a barrier to learning seems to be the prevalent view amongst both learners and teachers, and that any positive effects of code-switching are not yet widely recognised. As a consequence of this, it would be reasonable to assume that the attitude of both teachers and students towards code-switching may have been somewhat influenced by this common viewpoint. In the near future however, signs are that code-switching may possibly be seen as a tool for learning. In that event, some restrictions on the use of code-switching must be established by teachers in the classroom, and learners should code-switch only when there is an in urgent case. Eventually, it might yet become a beneficial tool for both learners and teachers. References Allatson, P., 2007. Key terms in Latino/a cultural and literary studies, Oxford: Blackwell. Baker, C., 2007. A Parents’ and Teachers’ Guide to Bilingualism, Clevedon: MPG Books. Light, I., 2007. ‘Global Entrepreneurship and Transnationalism’. In Ed. L. Paul Dana. Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: a Co-evolutionary View on Resource Management, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp.3-15. Arrifin, K. and M. Susanti Husin, 2011. ‘Code-switching and Code-mixing of English and Bahasa Malaysia in Content-Based Classrooms: Frequency and Attitudes’. The Linguistics Journal, June, pp.220-47. Bista, K., 2010. ‘Factors of Code Switching among Bilingual English Students In the University Classroom: A Survey’. English for Specific Purposes World, Volume 9, pp.1-19. Chan, J. Y. C., H. Cao, P. C. Ching, T. Lee, 2009. ‘Automatic Recognition of Cantonese-English Code-Mixing Speech’. Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processes, September, pp.281-304. Li, D. C. S., 2008. ‘Understanding Mixed Code and Classroom Code-Switching: Myths and Realities’. New Horizons in Education, December, pp.75-87.

Passive Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Passive Consumerism - Essay Example Immediately, they know which fashions are in and which are out. They see the colours and trends on splashy, popular websites. They find out very quickly what they should be wearing and what they shouldn't. A time-honoured tradition used by the fashion industry to set trends and market their designs has been to work with famous people to model their clothes. With the advent of such shows as MTV and other music shows, the multiplicity of award shows, the public is barraged with a plethora of designs to choose from. However, the ultimate message from the fashion industry is; "if a famous person wears this - it must be cool and therefore you must have it too!" As author, Anne Paxton1 writes in a savvy Internet article; "Everyone from Gloria Swanson and Marilyn Monroe, to Audrey Hepburn and Grace Kelly have helped fashion influence the public, but the media craze over celebrities is hotter than ever before. TV and movies have taken center stage when it comes to both entertainment and fashion. Magazines spend endless ink on what Madonna and Jennifer Lopez wear to award shows." Paxton even suggests that this marketing strategy may well end the need for models to strut their stuff on the catw alks. This strategy proves to be a win-win situation for both the fashion industry and celebrities as they cash in on the free items that various designers throw their way. Another specific strategy used by the fashion industry is online advertising. The use of the Internet involves several strategies which include: creating an online version of a print magazine, banner ads (ads placed on specific sites for greater exposure) and well-placed photographs and articles about the fashion industry. According to an industry report on the Internet and marketing strategies by women's magazines, "The Internet has become a billon-dollar business.." This article also reports that according to Nielsen Net Ratings, more American women use the Internet than men at a rate of 51% - 49%. It goes on to say; "Women online readers in the United States tend to visit general interest sites on the Internet, such as shopping sites, beauty sites, and health sites. Therefore, magazines discovered the Internet several years ago as another method to better serve the customer since magazines. ' By targeting the large numbers of women who regularly participate in online activity, fa shion magazines that maintain an Internet presence provide themselves with continuous, free advertising. It is an extremely effectively strategy to " [] offer other information, such as press releases or news that relates to the company or to their industry, or provide information about special events that relate to the company to their industry." In addition to using the Internet and celebrity culture as a marketing strategy, the fashion industry also creates markets by following sociological. One current trend that is strongly influencing the fashion industry is the notion that 'plus-size women' are a huge, new market for them. According to an industry analysis by UK expert, Marcella Marcheso2 the plus size market is growing in the fashion industry although until recently it was a bit of an afterthought. There was a limited range of available styles, and little to no trendy clothes. However, with the concerns over weight

Effective Performance Appraisal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effective Performance Appraisal System - Essay Example The systems approach will identify the barriers and emphasize on defining the objective of performance appraisal, determine what time would be effective for conducting the process, the addition of some effective appraisal categories, and concentrating on the result of the appraisal and finding loopholes if necessary. I can consider the systems performance appraisal approach being used in my organization effectively as it is based on all the factors discussed above and it also takes into account some other factors such as results, objectives, behavior, competencies and several arrangements of methods. In this paper I will further discuss how I would ensure that the solution I recommended complies with five requirements defined by Cascio, which are sensitivity, relevance, reliability, practicality and acceptability. I will also be shedding light on how by preventing some legal difficulties the organization can avoid the rating error. The results of the previous assessment will also be compared with the finding in order to analyze the recommended performance appraisal system (Kondrasuk, 2012). The terms performance reviews and performance evaluation hold the same meaning as the â€Å"Performance Appraisal†. Performance appraisal is considered to be the assessment conducted to evaluate the performance of employees. It is also defined as an assessment conducted to provide the employees feedback on their performance. Performance appraisal is also defined to be a system where the expected job performance is compared with employee’s actual job performance, providing feedback to the employees so that they may change their goals accordingly and enhance their performance in future. Performance management of employees is considered to be an integral part of the performance appraisal system. McGrath has explained in detailed the Integrated performance management that is based on strategic and operational plans,

Applied Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Applied Economics - Essay Example There is a positive correlation between the aggregate demand and the changes in monetary policy. 'If the government wants to increase the quantity or the supply of money in its economy then it undertakes an "expansionary monetary" policy and similarly if it wants to reduce the quantity of money in the economy it adapts a "contractionary monetary policy. (Case & Fair, 2002)"'3 This means that if the quantity of money increases in the economy then the aggregate demand shifts outwards or to the right, i.e. more output is demanded at the same price. Conversely, if the supply of money shrinks in the economy then the aggregate demand shifts inward or to the left as a result of a decrease in demand of output at all the various levels of price in the economy. Graphically it can be as follows: 'Case & Fair (2002) explain that when the quantity of money increases in the economy then the interest rates fall due to which the cost of carrying out planned investment decreases and therefore there is higher investment expenditure. This in turn increases the output at each price level and the opposite happens when the quantity of money decreases in the economy.'4 The government also demands the output in terms of goods and services. ... 'If the government wants to increase the quantity or the supply of money in its economy then it undertakes an "expansionary monetary" policy and similarly if it wants to reduce the quantity of money in the economy it adapts a "contractionary monetary policy. (Case & Fair, 2002)"'3 This means that if the quantity of money increases in the economy then the aggregate demand shifts outwards or to the right, i.e. more output is demanded at the same price. Conversely, if the supply of money shrinks in the economy then the aggregate demand shifts inward or to the left as a result of a decrease in demand of output at all the various levels of price in the economy. Graphically it can be as follows: 'Case & Fair (2002) explain that when the quantity of money increases in the economy then the interest rates fall due to which the cost of carrying out planned investment decreases and therefore there is higher investment expenditure. This in turn increases the output at each price level and the opposite happens when the quantity of money decreases in the economy.'4 Therefore, the changes in the AD can be summed up as follows according to the changes in the quantity of money: Increase in the supply of money - Aggregate Demand shifts to its 'right.' Decrease in the supply of money - Aggregate Demand shifts to its 'left.' 3. Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy includes two components: Government spending and expenditure. Changes in the taxation policy by the government. 3.1 Government spending and expenditure The government also demands the output in terms of goods and services. Therefore, a change in the government spending or purchases influences the aggregate demand. Government spending and

DRAGONWINGS SUMMARY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DRAGONWINGS SUMMARY - Assignment Example Windrider and his son save Uncle Bright star’s son from being shot by corrupt neighborhood watchmen. Moon collects and delivers laundry to his father, but one day Black Dog, the uncle’s son beats Moon and steals money received from laundry clients. Windrider goes to an underground gang and fights Black Dog to avenge his son, in the process Moon and his father kill a man. They escape the village after the murder and plan to work for Mr. Alger. Moon and his dad move into a stable behind the house of Miss Whitlaw. The neighborhood boys are cruel to Moon, and they ridicule his English. Moon requests Miss Whitlaw to help him in writing a letter to ask the Wright brothers to help his father with plane specifications. Windrider refuses to use the specifications at first but with time he agrees. An earthquake occurs in San Francisco in 1906 and demolishes the city, and two of the family members disappear. Windrider builds a functional airplane â€Å"Dragonwings,† but Black Dog shows up and robs them off their savings. The next day the company loans Windrider lots of money. Windrider flies his plane, but in the process its frame snaps and he breaks his leg and ribs. The company helps Windrider in bringing his wife to

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case study - Essay Example This has necessitated the establishment of marketing communications plan aimed at rekindling the interest of the customers who have deviated their loyalty to other in hotels (Kenneth & Baack 67). For this to happen the marketing and advertising team have to establish the internal and external causes of the customers deviation of loyalty then find a plan to reverse this process in a manner that will benefit both the hotel and its customers. Situation Analysis A SWOT analysis was conducted and the following was ascertained: the strengths of the hotel related to the predicament included; it is among the units of the third most dominant hotel chain in the globe and the most important strength is that the hotel has an unsurpassed marketing and advertising team and vast pool of resources. This gives the hotel an added advantage in the cutthroat competition. The weakness is that the expendable funds had been already allocated to another project thus leaving the marketing communications plan with a limited budget. The opportunity that presented itself is that the city where the hotel is located was recently made the headquarters of an international body and that meant that a lot of foreign dignitaries would be coming to the city and this was a big potential market for the hotel. Finally, the threat was that the rival hotels were really stiffening the competition and to add salt to the injury even more hotels of the same kind were being established. Alternatives The team came up three different sets of solutions to counter the predicament that the hotel had suddenly found itself in. the first alternative was to change the format the hotels rooms and facilities so that the hotel could have the ability to accommodate the customers who want a budget accommodation and those who want a luxurious experience. This would be a good strategy for getting customers want to save a buck and get good accommodation and those who want to spend an extra buck to get an extremely luxurious experience. It would also enable the hotel to get back the customers it had lost for either of the reasons stated above. However, the trick would be to craft an advertisement of this strategy in a manner that wouldn’t drive away the customers because the advertisement pastes a picture of the hotel either as a cheap or an extremely expensive or a contradiction of both. Creating a new way to bring back the customers who had deviated to other hotels by introducing a system of rewarding loyalty was the second plan. This would not only bring old customers back but also introduce a new customer base. The problem in this is that it would limit the profits of the hotel but if well executed the small incentives given to the loyal customers wouldn’t matter because the new customers would improve the profits of the hotel. The final plan was to tap into the newly established market of foreign dignitaries. The advertisement strategy would be to come to an arrangement with several airline industries so that the hotel could advertise itself to any persons coming to the city from another country. This would give the hotel a head start in getting the foreign market interested in it but this would have a negative impact on the demand of the local market. Recommendation The marketing and advertisement committee suggested the best way forward was an execution of alternative two. This is because a proper execution would enable the hotel

Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Knowledge - Essay Example Plato and Aristotle both talk about similar concepts when they describe knowledge. However they look at it from two opposing angles altogether. The same shall be discussed hereunder. In simple words, Aristotle focuses of smaller elements as being integral to the concept of knowledge, while Plato believes that universal concepts are the key to the essence of knowledge. Determining this difference is vital. Plato was of the opinion that belief is to be separated from knowledge on account of its justification. Beliefs, he elucidated, can be there without adequate inquiry or scrutiny into a particular matter. However, the knowledge acquired has to be based upon rationalistic ideas, that are guarded by logic and understanding. This is what would make the same knowledge acceptable to many people at the same time, whilst a belief may well hold true for just a singular person amongst all humanity. Aristotle on the contrary believed that knowledge lies in the understand of smaller factors, which will gradually all add up to join the jigsaw puzzle, and show us the bigger picture. He claimed that by knowing the essence of fundamental principles, one would be able to make sense of what is going on the bigger canvas. Inadvertently, this is a consequence of knowing as to what really can be a basic ingredient within the bigger construct, and then studying the same for greater knowledge. Plato advocates the importance of all-encompassing knowledge, which ultimately gives birth to and yields smaller constructs. This reality can be identified with, and the highest thinking can subsequently be attained by means of knowing what knowledge is. Contemplation gives insight, and ultimately self-actualization. There can be no better strength than realizing one's true potential of existence. All our endeavors or desires primarily follow from the necessity of our intrinsic nature. This concept given by him refers to the identification of the power that the human being yields and associates from within himself, thereby attempting to acquire knowledge at the bequest of all available events. Aristotle on the other hand states that smaller elements combine together to make all knowledge, and therefore understanding should begin from smaller ideas, which may be expounded into complex theories. Whatever one might seek or ask, it is basically a product of how one identifies with the concept of knowledge. The most significant thinking here becomes knowing about oneself. A person, who realizes the details, is truly on the path of acquiring knowledge. If one has the tendency to doubt one's self-concepts, then true actualization of knowledge can never be there. Knowledge starts from knowing oneself - it is only with reference to the same would one ever be able to gather some perspective. "Although he had the idea of constructing a system for deduction, he was never able to construct one. Instead, he relied on his dialectic, which was a confusion between different sciences and methods" (Bocheski, 1951). Mysteries, intricacies and secrets of the finite world can only be known with reference to the person. Therefore, if and when a person appreciates his own personal standing and inception, it subsequently becomes the greatest source of endowment and fulfillment for the person. The fundamental factor here is about insisting on knowing reality as it is. This again is a propagation of the belief that an individual

How do you define violent crime illistrate with examples Essay

How do you define violent crime illistrate with examples - Essay Example It also looks into the social reaction and impacts of crime (Newburn 2007). The study looks at the criminals themselves. The term criminology is borrowed from R. Garofalo, an Italian law scholar. Criminologists are involved in the study of criminals’ mindset. The aim is to understand what motivates the criminals (Nexis UK 2003). Certain things may be crimes in one society but legal in another. A criminologist explains these social and cultural variances. Criminology explores the various types of punishments and why some societies opt to have them (Newburn 2007).This study includes a study of that suggest why crimes are committed. This is necessary in understanding violent crimes. Some of the violent crimes theories include classical, individual trait and positive theories (Singer & Gardner 2003). Classical theory suggests the reason why people commit a crime is because they are satisfied that the benefits of the crime outweigh the cost. When the punishment is harsh, then crimi nals fear committing the crime according to this theory (Nexis UK 2003). According to the positive theory, crime happens out of both internal and external factors. The social and biological factors contribute to the positive theory (Singer & Gardner 2003). Some of the social factors that contribute to crime include poverty and illiteracy. Individual trait theory suggests that the psychological and biological factors contribute directly to criminal behavior. According to this theory, biological factors help to distinguish between non criminal and criminal traits (Newburn 2007). Crime, therefore, is a result of natural instincts arising from innate behaviors according to individual trait theory. Therefore, this theory suggests that some people have a natural desire to do violent crimes. According to individual trait theory, such people love to be violent genetically. As a result, no amount of punishment can control their violent tendencies (Nexis UK 2003). Limiting interaction with th ese violent criminals becomes the only way to prevent these crimes. According to individual traits theory, violent criminals should be alienated from the society. Violent crimes can result from extreme emotions like rage or hate. These extreme emotional states can be directed to both people and animals. Sometimes it is demonstrated through kicking a dog. According to Weiner and Sagi (1990), a violent crime can be defined as any threat or attempt to use physical force by a single or many people resulting in non physical or physical harm (Nexis UK 2003). The definitions of violent crimes tend to include the cause of the crime. Violent crimes are thought to be actions directed to other people in a face to face confrontation. Many believe that there has to be physical contact for violent crimes to occur. Violent crimes may result from frustrations (Singer & Gardner 2003). However, violent crimes may be purposeful and intentional. Violent crimes can stem from socially acceptable and appr oved activities. Sports violent crimes are legal given the environmental circumstances in which they happen. According to Atyeo, the pain inflicted in sports is not perceived to be a real pain. Yet it fully falls under the definition of violent crimes (Newburn 2007). Boxing is seen as fun while the players injure each other leading to death in extreme cases. There is an observation that legitimizing violent sport crimes can cause athletes to be violent

Identifying Audiences Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Identifying Audiences - Assignment Example Same as with most valuable tools, identification of audience could be used in excess. Adaptation of the speech to the audience is different from telling them what they exactly need to hear. It does not mean grandstanding or even kowtowing to the audience. Adaptation does guide the styles as well as choices of content made by a speaker for a representation. Adaptation of the audience does involve trying to walk a fine line in between over and under adapting. Audiences in a speech situation bring expectations about the speaker, topic as well as occasion. Violation of the expectations of the audience could negatively impact the speech’s effectiveness. For instance where a Politian is giving a speech in the memorial of a mayor who is diseased, then the expectations of the audience are that he praises the mayor. If the speaker talks about some legislations the there is a probability if losing credibility since the audient may be offended. In a business talk the speaker is not expected to talk about how the business will fail in less than a year unless that was the main issue expected by the audience. However, there may also be situations where violation of the expectations of the audience can be a strategy quite effective (UMC Web Team, 2007). In any occasion, the knowledge of topic on any occasion may widely vary; hence, it will be useful for a communicator to find out what the audience does know on that topic. A speaker should not at any one given time overestimate the knowledge of the audience on the same topic. If a speaker does lounge a discussion that is quite technical and the audience is not familiar with, they might likely loose the interest and fail to follow the speaker. Also underestimating the knowledge of the audience drastically could lead to a speech, which sounds condescending. It is always advisable to try to dig up what is the knowledge of the audience on

Discipline of Teams Essay Example for Free

Discipline of Teams Essay What differentiates effective teams which enhances performance of a set objective? An effective team is a small group of individuals with complementary skills, having a clear objective and with a common purpose. Each individual in the team is accountable for the overall performance of the team and works for its best interest. There is a basic discipline that makes teams work. A team is more than the sum of its parts; its performance includes both individual results and a collective work product which reflects the joint real contributions from team members. Most teams shape their purposes in response to the needs of the organization, there needs to be an element of winning, revolutionizing or being the cutting edge so that each member of the team is equally motivated and is pushed to contribute effectively. The sense of purpose brings about a passion to deliver and hence builds the need for clear communication and constructive conflicts. To build teams performance we need to build a sense of urgency to accomplish the purpose, select members to match the skill potential required, set clear behavioral rules, challenge the group regularly, spend lots of time together to bond effectively and exploit the power of positive feedback, recognition and reward. In a team we need people with technical and functional expertise as well as people who are good at problem solving and decision making. We need each member, including the team leader to contribute in concrete ways and more importantly each member should hold themselves accountable. Effective teams find the experience of working together to solve a need highly energizing and motivating. Every company faces specific performance challenges for which teams are the most practical and powerful mobilizer at the top managements disposal.

Redundancy in New Zealand: Procedural Fairness and Remedies

Redundancy in New Zealand: Procedural Fairness and Remedies ArJun Sree Raman Title of the study Redundancy in New Zealand: Procedural Fairness, Substantive Grounds, and Remedies. Introduction Redundancy has become a normal part of organizational life, researchers are predicting that both the rate and the extent of job losses through redundancy are likely to continue well into the twenty first century (e.g. Appelbaum and Donia, 2001a; Cascio, 2002; Dawkins et al., 1999). Generally redundancies within an organisation occur when there is a decline in company revenue and/or work available or the company is looking to restructure and streamline the organisation (Wooden, 1988). In these circumstances the employee may find that their position is surplus to the companys requirements or needs. Therefore, the organisation or employer will announce to the employee or employees affected that their contracts are going to be terminated as their positions will no longer exist. Redundancy in New Zealand    In the New Zealand Employment Law Guide (Rudman, 2014) the Labour Relations Act 1987 defines redundancy as a situation where a workers employment is terminated by the employer, the termination being attributable, wholly or mainly, to the fact that the position filled by that worker is, or will become, superfluous to the needs of the employer. Thus, it is the position itself that is made redundant and the decision to make a position redundant should have nothing to do with the particular employee who is filling that position. Redundancies have to be for genuine commercial reasons and not for any other underlining reasons such as capability or performance issues. Redundancy is acknowledged within New Zealands employment relations system, as it is in many countries. However, in contrast to the majority of foreign jurisdictions, successive governments in New Zealand have decided not to codify the law relating to redundancy and provide definitive protection for employees who face a redundancy situation (Hughes, 2011). Venn (2009) provides a comparison with other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, highlighted New Zealands minimal protection for employees in situations involving redundancy. In particular, Venn emphasized New Zealands negligible cover in mass redundancy situations. The following figure clearly depicts the limited protection in correlation to the other OECD countries. Figure 1: Strictness of Employment Protection OECD Countries (Venn, 2009) Effects of Redundancy    From an organizational perspective, the economic outcomes of redundancy are open to debate (Cascio, 1993; Ryan and Macky, 1998) but it is widely recognized that for the individual, redundancy can lead to a wide range of negative outcomes. Redundancy is frequently associated with diminished psychological wellbeing, while long-term unemployment can lead to physiological deterioration (Leana and Ivancevich, 1987). As Wooden (1988) comments: The concern about redundancy stems from the perception that job loss involves substantial economic and psychological costs for the adversely aà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ected worker and his or her family. The worker made redundant must immediately deal with the shock of job loss. For example, redundancy has been found to impact on employees in terms of loss of morale, lowered organizational commitment, withdrawal behaviours such as absenteeism and increased turnover, loss of motivation, mistrust, uncertainty and insecurity (e.g. Brockner, 1988; Brockner, Grover and DeWitt, 1992; Dolan and Belout, 2000; Koslowski et al., 1993; Latack, 1990; ONeill and Lenn, 1995; Worrall, Campbell and Cooper, 2000). Waters (2007) study on voluntary and in-voluntary redundancy shows the different attitudes and thoughts employees are feeling when it comes to redundancy. Redundancy can have serious implications for those it has happened to and can be an extremely difficult time during the entire process. Employees fear for the future and responsibilities they have outside of their working life. Employers should let the remaining employees express their anger or frustration and inform them that it is perfectly normal to express their feelings. Burke (2008) investigates the effects of redundancy during a strong economy and low unemployment rates. Burke says that the number of people experiencing redundancy is surprisingly high. This can come as a shock and be difficult for employees who have been with an employer for a substantial number of years as they are suddenly back in the job market. Looking for a job after so many years of working and competing with thousands of others who have also lost their jobs can be very traumatic. According to Burke, Being made redundant can have similar emotional effects to bereavement. People still see a stigma attached to being made redundant and would feel embarrassed or humiliated about being in the situation. Redundancy also results in a range of negative economic outcomes, including interruption to employment and career paths, loss of income, and potentially à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nancial hardship (particularly where it is followed by an extended period of unemployment). Ewart and Harcourt (2000) assessed the effects of a mass redundancy at a New Zealand airline on a group of 139 ground stewards in August, 1991. Findings show that the ground stewards post-layoff earnings have declined nearly 40% by 1996, from $50-55,000 to $30-35,000. This was a severe decline than that documented in most studies, in which earnings losses of 10 to 20% were more common and 5 to 10% were not unusual. Ewart and Harcourt identified the primary cause to be the non-transferrable highly specific training and work experiences to the airline industry. Furthermore, ground stewards also expressed profound feelings of bitterness post-redundancy as 94% of the respondents thought that the company had handled the dismissals very inappropriately. Those who remain after a period of redundancy are known as the survivors and are often described as suà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ering from survivor sickness (Noer, 1993) or survivor syndrome (Appelbaum and Donia, 2001a, 2001b; Brockner, 1988). Noer (1993) deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nes survivor sickness as a term that describes the attitudes, feelings, and perceptions that occur in employees who remain after involuntary staà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ reductions. Survivors may exhibit a range of emotions including fear, insecurity, uncertainty, frustration, resentment, anger, sadness, depression, guilt, unfairness, betrayal and distrust (Noer, 1996). Redundancy impacts further on the individual through changes to the psychological contract. Rousseau (1995) notes that, redundancy and restructuring have imposed on workers employment arrangements they did not choose. She suggests that the psychological contract, which the employee originally accepted, changes as organizations restructure and à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nds new ways of doi ng things. In the process of change, jobs are altered but employees do not feel free to renegotiate the contract. Research Questions The research questions proposed below are the fundamental core of this redundancy study. It focuses on factors within the redundancy such as procedural fairness, substantive grounds, and remedy. The research questions are as follows: To what extent do employers follow procedural fairness? To what extent do employers have substantive grounds for redundancy? In situations where employers fail to follow procedural fairness and substantive grounds, what are the remedies offered to the employee? Low budget airlines | Analysis Low budget airlines | Analysis Ryan Air Europes First low budgeted airline. Ryan air was founded in 1985 by the Ryan family head by Tony Ryan. To provide scheduled passenger airline services between Ireland and the UK. Ryan Air Europe first Low-Fares, No-Frills carrier, offer a point to point service to customer that was the first European low-cost Airline in Airline Industry. Ryan Air was a full service conventional airline, with two classes of seating, leasing three different types of Aircraft. Ryan air Airlines is based on the model of southwest airlines. A new management team, led by Michael OLeary. In 1997 company was floated in an IPO on the Dublin Stock Exchange and on NASDAQ. (Gerry Johnson, et al, 2008) Mission statement of Ryan Air: Ryan air will become Europes most money-making airlines through its motto Low-cost- carrier, no- frills services in all market which Ryan air operates. Ryan air Objectives: To establish Ryan air as Europes leading Low-Cost airline through continued improvement and offering of low cost budget price. Ryanair Business Model Ryanair business model is based on Southwest Airlines, the highly successful Texas based operator. However, Ryanair was impacted by the financial difficulties in 1990 which required a complete restructure and new business model is formed. In 1991, CEO Michael OLeary visited US Southwest Airline and extracted their new strategy and business model from Southwests Low Cost leadership model. Ryanairs Low Cost leadership model encompasses a single passenger class, a single type of airplane, a simple fare scheme, unreserved seating, flying to secondary airports, fast turnaround times, no free amenities, minimum baggage allowance, employees working in multiple roles, and generation of ancillary revenue( Baker, 2006). Analysis strengthen and weakness of Ryanair Strength: Strategy of Ryan air is Marketing- strong branding and reputation of product. Ryanairs aggressive pricing strategy makes them different from other Airline companies in Europe. Low costing of tickets due to airport operator deals. A biggest advantage of Ryanair is Reputation as First Biggest Budget Airline in Europes. Main strength given to Ryanair by media through free footage to people from various Controversial issues created in flight and due to the tough decision made by chief executive Michael OLeary. Ryanair collects enormous profit from Ancillary revenues from on-board and online gambling, an in-flight mobile phone service, including non-flight scheduled services and also from Ryanairs website. On time delivery which help customer to reach at their target. In future Ryanair planning to purchase new aircraft with huge capacity for sitting which will generates lots of income as well as new routes for reaching destination much quicker. Ryanair control the fuel and noise emission by purchasing new Environmentally-friendly aircraft. (Sascha Mayer, 2007). If any delays due to climatic condition or technical quandary, then Ryan air Customer Service Desk (CSD) prompt refund is provided to customer. Weakness Employee relations: Ryan airs relationship with employee is Fraught. Extra work load for Pilots. Also provide poor working condition for staff. For example: Banned from charging of mobile phones at work place. Ryan air has been involved in number of labour union disputes. Lack of scales: The Company is small in sizes compared to its competitors. Its competitors, such as British Airways, Lufthansa, Virgin Airlines all these Airlines are large in size and enjoy competitive advantages in financial, technical better human resources. As it was low fare Airlines in-flight Entertainment facilities were not available to passengers. Prone to bad press: Relationship with media is always dreadful for Ryan air. Even it may be the incident of staff sleeping in the air craft or forcing pilots to sign new deal in order to fly new air craft. Every time Ryan air is on head line of media. Blocking Finance: In increasing their passenger Ryan air has block lots of money in purchasing new Boeing in next six year. Long Routes: Instead of main airports choosing Secondary and Regional airports destinations for short haul which much more far-off from passengers destination. For examples, Ryanair uses Frankfurt Hahn, 123 kilometres from Frankfurt; Torp, 100 Kilometres from Oslo; and Charleroi, 60 kilometres from Brussels. Customer service: Services provide to customer by Ryan air cabin crew were not satisfactory. Even breathing spaces for leg were narrow down. STRATEGICS CAPABILITY OF RYANAIR Every company must have adequacy and suitability of the resources and competences for survive and prosper in the market. Henceforth Resources and competences are essential for any organisation. Initially Ryan air started their operations with a team of 25 and a single 15-seat Bandeirante Turbo-prop, flying between Waterford and London (Box.T, et al 2007). In 1986, Ryan air received permission from the Regulatory Authorities to begin flying four flights a day on the Dublin-London route with two 46-seat BAE748 turbo-props, by the end of 1989 Ryan air had six BAC-111 jets and three ATR 42 turbos (Box.T, et al 2007). Now Ryan air is giant player in Budgeted Airlines in Europe with 100 new Boeing 737-800 which flew out 18European base. According to Ryan Air Chief Executive Officer Michael OLeary organisation as place the order of 200 newest Boeing by end of 2009 and required the aircraft delivery by 2012(Robert 2009). Boeing 737 planes used frequently which were replaced with new aircraft , more environmentally- friendly aircraft. Its reduced the average age of fleet by 2.4years. Newer aircraft does not require more crew member. Before 2006 capacity of staff were around 700, in fiscal 2006, employee tally rise by further 700 to 3500 people from different nationalities. Cabin crew were given commission from on board sales i.e. Euro49, 612 which is higher figure than any other leading airlines. Due to a low-cost HR strategy, which includes low costs via wage minimization, union avoidance and employee control, had contributed to making the company highly profitable. In addition, both strategies are similar in that they also include achieving low total costs by increasing operational productivity (Zagelmeyer.S, 2009). Core Competence: A corporate strategies are made with lots of research and development of product and services in todays world. Ryan air have made strategic decisions based on increasing their competitive edge, the main one reason involved in attracting customers at both ends of their routes (Haberberg and Rieple 2001). In Ryan air case company focal point is on providing low cost, efficient, frequent connections and subsequently offering no other frills or supporting services on their flights, due to this outcome, Ryan air has no need for the numerous subsidiaries that Aer Lingus own(Peter Kangis, M. Dolores OReilly, 2003). The performance reliability of Ryan air is high for the reason that customer product quality and the airports served, airline product is not delayed because of point to point services due to this check-in is much quicker and less complex than an interline one as well as boarding is quicker because seat choice is greater for earlier passengers at the departure gat e for the reason that it operates from lesser-used non-hub airports the airline encounters less airport congestion than airlines serving major hubs (Barrett S. D. 2004). Ryanair Financial Analysis During the period of 2004 through present, Ryanair has experienced significant growth in sales revenues and net income. Since 2004, sales revenue has grown at a yearly average of 32%, highlighted by a 41% growth from 2006 2007. Net income has experienced a yearly average growth rate of 25%, highlighted by a 51% growth from 2006 2007. While sales revenue continued to increase from 2007 2008, with 33% growth, net income was down from $563M to $559M. This decrease in profits was largely due to the 50% increase in fuel prices during the year. The growth experienced by Ryanair in sales revenue and net income during the period of 2004 2008 (AOL Finance 2008) Portfolio Analysis by BCG Matrix Portfolio of any business is important in order to analyse its market shares and where the business is standing. It can achieve through the BCG Matrix. In Ryanair case, as per the above diagram of BCG (Boston Consulting Group) matrix Ryanair comes under the cash cow. Cash cow is that section of BCG matrix where market share of any business is high and their growing maturity is low in market. Ryanair being a low-fare airlines in European market have captures the entire market in budgeted airlines. Ryanair have outstanding market share and generate a lot of revenue for the company as well as for investor, but they cannot expand their business. Ryanair is domestic flight within the European territory and accumulate high revenue but cannot expand their airline business from European market due to low cost strategies and short haul. They extract profit from the market and investing as little cash as possible. Critical success factors of Ryanair: Success of any organisation depend upon various factors such as Brand: Brand of Ryanair has been cultivated through constantly providing the same product services to customer. Ryanair brand has been built through their strategies i.e. low budgeted airline in Europe with no frills and sell product on board. Most important part in creating the Ryanair brand is played by the CEO Michael OLeary and international media. Michael hard-hitting decision, autocratic behaviour against employee and competitors and controversial statement- if you want a quiet flight, use another airline. Ryanair is noisy full and always try to sell something ob board. Media always providing free footage to viewer about the incident in flight for example: Ryanair aircraft unhygienic and poor staff morale and cabin crew sleeping on the job. All these incidents have helped the Ryanair to build it brand image in the world market. Location: Ryanair being a low-cost airline, airport used by the Ryanair for landing aircraft were secondary and regional airport destination. For example, Ryanair uses Frankfurt Hahn, 123 kilometres from Frankfurt. During second half of fiscal 2007 Ryanair faces various challenges related to extra capacity and new routes and location. Speed: Ryanair started with fewer flights with the low cost airlines strategies and through these strategies they started capturing the market at a greater speed. Become the world most profitable airline in whole Europe. During March 2006 other airlines started charging for check-in bags due to this passenger were carrying fewer bag probably zero check-in bags which reduced the cost and enhance the speed of aircraft. Technology: Ryanair incorporated its own travel website, www.ryanair.com, for direct sales of tickets over the Internet to avoid fees and commissions associated with travel agents and reservation systems. Ryanair has steadily achieved the most Environmentally- friendly and sustainable by investing in the latest aircraft and technology which reduced 50 per cent less emissions, 45 per cent less fuel burn and 45 per cent lower noise emissions. Ryanairs grown-up Boeing 737-800 aircraft has been replaced with new aircraft which more environmentally-friendly reducing the average age of fleet to 2.5 years. Fuel Emissions:International airlines have been responsible for emitting 2.5%- 3% anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), International Civil Aviation made regulation to reduce the CO2(Scheelhaase J.D, Grimme W.G, 2007). Due to new technology aircraft of Ryanair has reduce fuel emission by 50%. Noise: Ryanair minimised noise pollution through modern technology aircraft and new modified winglet. Waste: All International Airlines generates significant amount of waste mater material through food, packaging, and newspaper distribution. All these item are available free in international airline. Ryanair a low-cost airline with no-frills due to these reason Ryanair is free of from waste. Management Quality: Ryanair management qualities from the success point of view were efficient to carry out the productivity in the organisation, due to the leadership Quality of Michael OLeary. From employees view management were autocratic. Management behaviour towards staff was not acceptable. Thus critical factors such as Brand, Technology and Management Quality play important role in performance of business activity, if any of these factors fail, success fails. Benchmarking Approach of Ryanair: A set of information has been developed by separate indices of benchmarking for different business model. In Ryanair case, Profitability of Ryanair signifies the overall achievement of the business, collection of ancillary revenue from flight is much more than the any other international flight by selling various goods and services on flight. Distribution strategies of Ryanair: The proportion of sale made by Ryanair is through online reservation system and even they promote the Ryanair through web page. Ryanair has set up the four benchmarks which its competitor cannot match their strategies with Ryanair strategies- firstly airport cost per passenger is calculated, secondly they land on secondary and regional airport which offer lower landing fees, thirdly the weighted average number of full service carriers at the airports served and lastly Ryanair has created the monopoly in budgeted airline (Mason k.J, Morrison W.G, 2009). All this factors make the Ryanair airlines are best- in- c lass benchmarking in Europes airlines. Leadership of Ryanair: In todays Airlines business leadership and culture is essential in achieving strong business operation. In Ryanair case, Ryanair was struggling to survive in early 1990 but then after new CEO Michael OLeary. OLeary changed the design of Ryanair in the model of southwest airlines i.e. a low cost airline this strategy worked for Ryanair. Being transformation leadership his clear vision and empowerment are often observed as important element that has changed the view point of Ryanair. In 2006 Ryanair airline received WORLD MOST FAVOURITE AIRLINE. Michael OLeary has served Ryanair for 20 year and makes Ryanair most profitable airline in 2006. In 2005 he was 18th among the Worlds Most Respected Business Leader in financial times. Ryanair comprising over 25 different nationalities this shows culture of Ryanair is diversifying. CONCULSION On the intact Ryanair seem to be following a strategy which works for them. They are obviously aware of their business environment and understand the importance of monitoring it as they took advantage of the opening in the market when they restyled themselves over a decade ago. However they need to be aware that this environment is constantly shifting and evolving and therefore maintaining a close eye on it and being ready to adapt to any changes should be a fundamental part of their strategy. References 1. Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, (2008). Exploring Corporate Strategy, 8th Ed., Pearson Education, England, accessed via textbook. 2. Sascha Mayer, 2008. Rayanair and its low cost flight in Europe: Marketing Plan. GRIN VERLAG http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2zGFUC9bWX4Cdq=swot+analysis+of+ryanairlr=source=gbs_navlinks_s 3. Box.T, Byus.K, Chris.C, (2007), Ryan air (2005): Successful low cost Leadership. Journal of the International Academy of case studies. , 13(3): pp 65-70. 4. Robert.W, (2009). Ryan Air to order 200aircraft, Air finance Journal (323): 7-7. 5. Zagelmeyer.S, (2009), Up in the Air: How Airlines can improve performance by engaging their employee.38(6):715-717. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=8657998ADE2405248475899C62216650?contentType=NonArticlecontentId=1812116 6. Haberberg, Adrian Rieple, Alison (2001), The Strategic Management of Organisations. Pearson Education Ltd. 7. Peter Kangis, M. Dolores OReilly,(2003), Strategies in a dynamic marketplace: A case study in the airline industry. Journal of Business Research, 56(2):105-111. Strategies in a dynamic marketplace: A case study in the airline industry Journal of Business Research, Volume 56, Issue 2, February 2003, Pages 105-111 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL_method=list_ArticleListID=1248681592_sort=rview=c_acct=C000047642_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=9060888md5=a3f6ba19889c87ea2ae5dc4ea2047611 8. Barrett S. D. (2004), The Sustainability of the Ryanair Model. International Journal of Transport Management, 2(2), pp.89-98 9. Scheelhaase J.D., Grimme W.G. (2007), Emissions trading for international aviation-an estimation of the economic impact on selected European airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 13 (5), pp.253-263. 10. Mason k.J, Morrison W.G (2009), Towards a means of consistently comparing airline business models with an application to the low cost airline sector. Researched in Transportation Economics, 24 (1), pp. 75-84. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B8JHM-4VRNNKM-2_user=899537_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2008_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1253612908_rerunOrigin=scholar.google_acct=C000047642_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=899537md5=3f2fe272f1c4fb849562e877dad82a11 11. Baker, C. (2006, May). Blurring the model. Airline Business, 22(5), 40-44. Retrieved September 17, 2008, from Business Source Complete database. 12. AOL Finance Web Site. Ryanair Holdings PLC Income Statement. Retrieved October 5,2008 from http://finance.aol.com/ryanair-holdings-plc/income-statement

Nanocrystal (Nanoparticles) Drug Delivery in Oncology

Nanocrystal (Nanoparticles) Drug Delivery in Oncology Introduction The aim of this literature review is to expand the boundaries of our knowledge by exploring some relevant literature related to the role of nano-particle in cancer treatment and toxicology. In this paper, the author will discuss the importance of nanocrystals in treating and managing cancers. For this, the author will refer to three different scholarly articles. Heidel Davis, (2011) accentuated that the treatment of cancer is complicated by the exact nature of the cancer cells, the tissue they originate from, and the tissue or tissues they hibernate and colonize in [1]. Many cancers, such as those affecting the colon or liver, remain tucked away in the darker recesses of the body, where they are challenging to detect and even more challenging to treat. Other cancers, such as melanoma or retinoblastoma, are at or near the surface of the body, and thus are more accessible to observation and treatment. All cancer therapies try to target characteristics that are peculiar to cancer cells so as not to damage normal cells. This could be a mutated protein, a peculiar behaviour pattern, such as an increased rate of cell division, or an elevated demand for oxygen to support high metabolic activity by the cancer cells [2]. Discussion Analysis Over 8,767 Australians were expected to die of cancer in 2020 [3]. Over 12 million new cases worldwide were diagnosed in 2007. Sixty percent of cancer cases occur in developing countries. Cancer is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, cancer is the number one cause of death in China. According to Phan et al., (2009), chemically attached nanocrystals to a viral envelope allowed the scientists to eradicate cancer cells using laser radiation [4]. Binding nanoparticles to an antibody specific for cancer cells can make easier the detection of advanced stage cancer cells. According to Colin, (2008), the ability to quantitatively and noninvasively detect targeted nanoparticles in vivo could provide a promising cancer diagnostic tool. Using nanoparticle to heat up tumors is a main focus in therapeutic oncology applications of nanoscale sciences and technologies [5]. Nanosized Cancer drug Nanocrystal helps in the advancement of creative chemotherapeutic medications particularly in the territory of harmful deteriorating treatment or solution for neurological issue or cancerous growth. It delivers nanosized medications that are just marginally bigger in size than proteins and are subsequently little to such a degree as to move crosswise over ion-control channels(e.g., the blood–brain barriers), scattered all through the entire body including entering the focal sensory system, the vasculature and enter cells specifically [6]. Nanosized pharmaceuticals, due to their greater surface territory and organic undertaking likewise allow lower centralizations of pharmaceuticals to be utilized; accordingly diminish the potential danger of unfavorable responses [7]. The propelled outside area of nanosized pharmaceuticals might likewise help to upgrade dissolvability and support rate of disintegration, in this manner increase oral bioavailability and allow all the more quick onset of remedial activity [8]. A showing of this future is the adaptation of naproxen that have been used to support the expand time in the blood of the patients to empower a great deal more quick issue and help than the acknowledged presentation of naproxen for their cancer treatment [9]. Nano consignment schemes for therapeutics and toxicology Numerous advances have been created to utilize nanoparticles as a part of the treatment regimen of biomedical imaging, toxicological analysis and pharmaceutical conveyance. Applications for these plans will supply materials for controlled medication committal by directing bearers to a particular area with attractive fields or fluorescence biological markers. The transporter will then be initiated on interest in a limited area. The anticipated and extended length of activity in this way help to abatement hindrance of basic redosing, advance patient consistence and keep away from the side effects that so regularly result from intense medications [10]. Use of Nanocrystal in Oncology The interstitial heating using nanoparticles was feasible in patients with cancer with local recurrence and had been previously irradiated. The treatment related toxicity was moderate and the quality of life affected only temporarily. The limiting factors of this technique at present are discomfort caused by high magnetic field strengths and suboptimal intratumoral distribution. Moreover, deposits in the prostates nanoparticles are very durable. At present there is no magnetic imaging and chemotherapy available or neither for direct injection of fluid under visual control real-time nor for a reliable picture of the tumor within the cancer cells. Therefore, the selective ablation of cancer separating normal tissue is not possible at this time, but may become an interesting future with improved diagnostic techniques image subject. Until our heating method is more refined and can be safely applied forces higher photo thermal therapy to achieve higher performance alone, this treatment modality is being evaluated in combination with radiation in patients with localized cancer. Quantum spots, one of the most well revised, are nanocrystals that fluoresce in distinct hues depending on their dimensions (e.g., Cadmium selenide) [11;12]. In the event that the target molecule is an early marker of cancerous detection, discovery of that molecule may show a higher inclination for illness. An illustration is to utilize nanoparticles to join to blood clumps and to help make clusters more clear by ultrasound [13]. Nanoshells, an alternate nanodelivery plan that is made out of copolymers, are used in mix with precise wavelengths of lights and hotness mastery for harmful ailment treatment. These nanodevices can be tuned precisely to drench up or scramble infrared beams. At the point when encased in with gold, they can adjust these types of light into high temperature and either issues the pharmaceutical into the encompassing tissue or specifically blazed/murder tumor units that is tie to these nanoshells [14]. Likewise, attractive fields could be used to center pharmaceutical particles at the tumor area and balancing the territories would discharge the pharmaceutical from the external layer to strike tumor units. Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Cancer Diagnosis Infusion of genetic characteristics into nanocapsules is being tried out. One of the quality being enquired is the tumor necrosis factor, a protein that is fatal to cancer cells as well as besides to wholesome units when infused in substantial measurements [15]. To sidestep impedance to ordinary tissue, the nanocapsule is covered with sensors that objective just on tumor cells. A persevering would then be uncovered to low-dose radiation or medications that launch the quality to make putrefaction part. Other nanodrug bearers, for example, quality firearm with gold particles, fullerenes (made completely out of carbon, as an empty circle (C60 Bucky balls or chamber (nanotubes) and dendrimers (round polymeric molecules) are likewise being inspected. An alternate mean of pharmaceutical conveyance is to settle pharmaceutical with nanoparticles, for instance albumin proteins. It uses the natural carrier albumin rather than synthetic solvents to consign paclitaxel and furthermore for protected management of high paclitaxel doses without premedication, producing in important antitumour undertaking in patients with metastatic breast cancerous disease. Nanodelivery schemes for gene therapy Nanomedical research could outcome in an array of new medical apparatuss. Interesting study projects include use of nano-electromechanical apparatus or nanowire field-effect transistor to detect insect baculovirus and lone influenza viruses respectively were undertook. It is wanted that development of these nanodevices can help doctor to find the difficulty areas in the body more precisely (Lam et al., 2004, p. 5). Other study works engage the use of biochips and microfluidic devices to computer display tissues for genetic dissimilarities and to design genetically target drugs. Cell/Tissue technology and the nanorobot Artificial nanoscale building blocks may one day be utilised to help repair, sustain, or replacement of the body’s tissue and body parts. Uvocalise nanotechnology, researcher may be adept to make better artificial veins, arteries and heart valves; evolve a scaffold for growing patches of heart tissue to repair impairment from heart attacks; and grow artificial lung tissue. The use of simple carbon single-wall nanotube sheets to develop artificial muscle is in the soonest stages [16]. One of the more significant matters is that the foreign components might be strike by the body’s immune units, therefore means of reducing the risk of immune answer continues the major dispute for nanotechnology research in the area of tissue technology. Some researchers are attempting to assemble convoluted nanorobots that can journey throughout the human body utilising molecular engines and computers, shop and transport substances, perform procedures and communicate with physicians. Respirocytes, a spherical carbon nanorobot, is an demonstration that mimic the activity of the natural hemoglobin-filled red blood cells and is being revised [17]. However, despite the stride at which study is progressing and the exhilaration generated by the outlook of nanorobots, it could be numerous years before nanorobots are checked in humans. Conclusion Cancer is a worldwide problem. Nanocrystal plays an increasing role in battling cancer worldwide and in achieving the goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer by 2015. Moreover, the use of multifactorial Nanocrystal in detecting and diagnosing carcinomas and sarcomas at earlier stages can be beneficial but needs further studies and investigation before implementing it in clinical practice. The general is for government to assume a main part, at the same time with the educated community and business relationship, in adding to the empowering foundation for perceiving and considering nanomaterial potential dangers, including (1) ID of delegate or structure nanomaterial, in connection to the structure, measurements, property and undertaking; (2) creating poisonous quality testing convention, covering inward breath, dermal, ingestion, and infusion presentation courses, for ID of full gimmick of the nanomaterial in connection to material property, the proposed use by the conceiv ably inclined, helpless patient and a definitive clinical applications; (3) strengthening the building methodologies under Good developing perform (GMP) for nanomedicine in particularly in the zone of creation, pontoons, taking care of and stockpiling to twofold watch that relentlessness and nature of the last stock is supported; (4) recognizing and administering the introduction level in working environment, air/waterborne discharges, people and different life forms and ecological media; and (5) surveying the impact of nanocyrstal items on the indigenous habitat as a proactive danger administration. Early theoretical and experimental studies of the biocompatibility of nanomaterials and sophisticated nanodevices have begun. References 1. Heidel, J. D., Davis, M. E. (2011). Clinical developments in nanotechnology for cancer therapy.Pharmaceutical research,28(2), 187-199. 2. Misra, R., Acharya, S., Sahoo, S. K. (2010). Cancer nanotechnology: application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy.Drug Discovery Today,15(19), 842-850. 3. Staples, M. P., Elwood, M., Burton, R. C., Williams, J. L., Marks, R., Giles, G. G. (2006). Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: the 2002 national survey and trends since 1985.Med J Aust,184(1), 6-10. 4. Phan, J. H., Moffitt, R. A., Stokes, T. H., Liu, J., Young, A. N., Nie, S., Wang, M. D. (2009). Convergence of biomarkers, bioinformatics and nanotechnology for individualized cancer treatment.Trends in biotechnology,27(6), 350-358. 5. Colin D. Medley, Joshua E. Smith, Zhiwen Tang, Yanrong Wu, Suwussa Bamrungsap, and Weihong Tan* (2008), Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Assay for the Direct Detection of Cancerous Cells, Anal. Chem, 80, pp. 1067-1072 6. Chen et al., 2006 Z. Chen, H. Meng, G. Xing, C. Chen, Y. hao, G. Jia, T. Wang, H. Yuan, C. Ye, F. Zhao, Z. Chai, C. Zhu, X. Fang, B. Ma and L. Wan, Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo, Toxicol. Lett. 163 (2006), pp. 109–120. 7. Bucolo et al., 2002 C. Bucolo, A. Maltese, G. Puglisi and R. Pignatello, Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of Ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension, Ophthal. Res. 34 (2002), pp. 319–323. 8. Alexis, F., Rhee, J. W., Richie, J. P., Radovic-Moreno, A. F., Langer, R., Farokhzad, O. C. (2008). New frontiers in nanotechnology for cancer treatment. InUrologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations(Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 74-85). Elsevier. 9. Aliosmanoglu, A., Basaran, I. (2012). Nanotechnology in cancer treatment.J Nanomedicine Biotherapeutic Discov,2, 107. 10. Donaldson et al., 2004 K. Donaldson, V. Stone, C.L. Tran, W. Kreyling and P.J.A. Borm, Nanotoxicology, Occup. Environ. Med. 61 (2004), pp. 727–728. Full Text via CrossRef (144) 11. Ferrari, M. (2005). Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges.Nature Reviews Cancer,5(3), 161-171. 12. Barlow et al., 2005 P.G. Barlow, K. Donaldson, J. Maccallum, A. Clouter and V. Stone, Serum exposed to nanoparticle carbon black displays increased potential to induce macrophage migration, Toxicol. Lett. 155 (2005), pp. 397–401. 13. Gmeiner, W. H., Ghosh, S. (2014). Nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology Reviews,3(2), 111-122. 14. Bulte, J.W, (2009), Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging: Emerging Technologies and Applications. New York, Springer, pp. 2. 15. Wang, X., Yang, L., Chen, Z. G., Shin, D. M. (2008). Application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and imaging.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,58(2), 97-110. 16. Gmeiner, W. H., Ghosh, S. (2014). Nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology Reviews,3(2), 111-122. 17. Bucolo et al., 2002 C. Bucolo, A. Maltese, G. Puglisi and R. Pignatello, Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of Ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension, Ophthal. Res. 34 (2002), pp. 319–323.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Prosody of Beowulf -- Epic Beowulf essays

Prosody of Beowulf  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The prosody of Beowulf is the art of Old English versification, made to be chanted orally, not read silently. Therefore it uses alliteration and accent to achieve the poetic effect which Modern English poetry achieves through the use of poetic feet, each having the same number of syllables and the same pattern of accent (Wilkie 1271). Theory on the prosody of Beowulf is evolving.    In the manuscript version of the poem, alliteration is employed in almost every line (or two half-lines); in most modern translations of the poem this is not so. In lines 4 and 5 of the poem we find:    Oft Scyld Scefing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sceapena preatum monegum maegpum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   meodo-setla ofteah    The repetition of the â€Å"s† sound in line 4 and of the â€Å"m† sound in line 5 illustrate alliteration, and this occurs throughout the poem, providing to the listener an aesthetic sense of   rightness or pleasure. In 1958 two language scholars, Lehmann nd Tabusa, produced an alphabetized list of every alliterated word in the poem. One translator, Kevin Crossley-Holland, in his rendition of the poem in Literature of the Western World, actually includes considerable alliteration (Wilkie 1271). The Old English poet would â€Å"tie† the two half-lines together by their stressed alliteration (Chickering 4). The first half-line is called the on-verse, which is followed by the off-verse. Each line of poetry ideally contains four principal stresses, two on each side of a strong medial caesura, or pause, and a variable number of less-heavily stressed or unstressed ones. â€Å"At least one of the two stressed words in the first half-line, and usually both of them, b egin with the same sound as t... ...ed by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.    Kiernan, Kevin S.. â€Å"The Legacy of Wiglaf,† In The Beowulf Reader, edited by Peter S. Baker. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.    Magoun, Frances P. â€Å"Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry.†Ã‚   In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Stockwell, Robert. P. and Donka Minkova. â€Å"Prosody† In A Beowulf Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska: Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997.    Tharaud, Barry. â€Å"Anglo-Saxon Language and Traditions in Beowulf.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.    Wilkie, Brian. â€Å"Beowulf.† Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.   

Electronic Self-checkout System Essay -- Technology, Cashier Checkout

A number of empirical studies have concluded that a customer’s attribution of the cause of a delay significantly affects its emotional consequences (see Taylor, 1994; Tom and Lucey, 1995). According to these investigations, customers are more unsatisfied with longer than expected waits caused by difficulties that the store could have remedied (e.g. inefficient checkout personnel, understaffing, failure to provide express checkouts) than with delays due to external factors such as random variations in store crowding, till breakdowns, the time of day (some periods are inevitably busier than others) or the presence of customers with large amounts of shopping. This was especially true if little effort on the part of the service provider was needed to improve the situation and/or the problem creating the delay was a regular occurrence. It appeared, therefore, that the reasons for a long queue were major determinants of customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction, not just the delayâ⠂¬â„¢s duration. The Psychology of Combining Queues Combining queues have proven not to be a good technique for managing queues in grocery stores and supermarkets. Studies have shown that even though combining queues have been successful in some service organizations, these techniques have proven to have negative results in grocery stores. Among the factors that cause delays of customers who are in line at the checkout counter in grocery stores is management’s attempt to combine queues. Contrary to common calculations, there are reasons for believing that combining queues, especially queues of customers in checkout lines in grocery stores, may at times be counterproductive. Rothkopf and Rech (1987) in their seminar had one participant citing the practice of combini... ...e service more valuable and were willing to pay much more for it when they found out there were more people behind the positions that were held for them. There exists a universal human tendency to learn about ones self through comparison with others (Gilbert, Price and Allan, 1995). Customers in checkout lines tend to compare their position in line with those of other customers. However, seeing people behind is somewhat a comfort since ―there are people worse off than meâ€â€", therefore making the experience less painful. The study outlined three sets of factors (queue factors, personal factors, and situational factors) that might shape the extent of social comparisons, each of which is tested. Hkust and Hkust (2002) expressed that limited research studies have been conducted to determine how service waits can be controlled. To control the time customers’ wait in line,

Human Motivation Essay

On page 227 of your text you will find Figure 8-6. Provide two scenarios for two different hypothetical people showing the two possible outcomes, two possible paths for the same frustrated need. Summarize the two, comparing and contrasting the experiences in the scenarios. Create a box table for each with summaries for each. Then, provide, in paragraph format, an explicit explanation of similarities and differences. Each table should have two explanations along with descriptions and references to your text and/or other readings. Cite all references following correct APA style (5th edition).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In explaining the behavior of people, we start our description with reference to some kind of active driving force: the individual seeks, the individual wants, the individual fears. Various psychologists describe motivation, in other words, as the driving force behind our behavior (Atkinson, et al. 1983). Smith, et al. labels their discussion on motivation as the â€Å"Why† of behavior (1982). Why does the tardy student in mathematics spend the rest of the period outside instead of inside the mathematics classroom? Emotions or strong feelings usually accompany motivated behavior.   Often, emotions direct behavior toward goals (Atkinson, et al. 1983). This paper briefly describes and explains the origin/causes, and distinction of motivation and different scenarios linking motivation and other concepts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Motives, according to Marx, originate either from a biological or a physiological source, or from an environmental influence. A motive may arise from a biological need for food or water which will drive an individual to seek food when hungry or drink when thirsty. The tissues of the human body need these to function continuously. It will cease to live without sufficient nourishment. The hormonal substances in the blood which activate certain parts of the nervous system are other biological sources, for instance, the sex drive which is due to the presence of hormones secreted by the reproductive glands, the ovaries (in the female), and the testes present in the male (1976).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, motives may also be caused by environmental influence. We react strongly to social acceptance so we want to acquire an appliance or any other thing that we see in others especially if we can afford them. Companies offering high salaries attract employees from other firms that give low wages (Atkinson, et al. 1983).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A predominant view is that human motivation comes from either a small number of basic urges or even one basic urge and that all aspire for family prestige, social status, and security (Morris and Maisto, 1999, p. 315). ~Internal and External Classification of Motivation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychology recognizes different perspectives of motivation. One of these viewpoints pertains to the idea of â€Å"motivational inducements,† otherwise known as incentives. Incentives are referenced from either the vantage point of internal, or that of external motivation. An inducement coming from within the individual is called intrinsic or internal motivation. It is, according to Morris and Maisto, about the â€Å". . . desire to perform a behavior that originates within the individual.† An inducement coming from outside the individual is called external or extrinsic motivation. It is the aspiration to do or achieve a goal in order to acquire a type of incentives or escape or steer clear of punishment (Morris and Maisto, 1999, p.316). Children are often induced by the presence of external incentives to perform expected tasks or avoid incurring punishment. For motivation experts, however, a person developing the internal type of motivation will reap more lasting and beneficial effects compared with external motivation (1999). To induce a child to do what the parents ask for by way of rewards or threats are at times less constructive or even detrimental to the overall performance of the person or child. Fear is a strong component of human motivation. Explain the numerous roles of fear in both positive and negative impact situations on human motivation you have studied this term. Be specific and cite all references in correct APA style (5th edition). Create real-life examples for each role of fear to support your position(s). Develop your scenarios to include the application of theory. Thoroughly develop your scenario.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fear is defined as â€Å"a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil or pain; a specific instance of or propensity for fear; concern or anxiety, solicitude† (Random House Webster’s Dictionary, 4th Ed.). Where fear is concerned, though it is deemed as a negative emotional state by many, life will become unreal. This paper will try to explain why fear is essential to an individual’s healthy outlook. Weighing on the polarities of this particular affect, one will see the necessity of this kind of emotion which is processed by the body’s amygdala. Although social psychology literature is extensive, there are yet inconclusive evidences as to how fear actually work towards its positive effect. Volumes of literature attest to both positive and negative effects of fear especially in its role to convince. Because of this, it is very important that one examines the specific instances where fear can be said to be effective in positive manner as well as in a negative way. The following scenarios will, at the least, illustrate where fear is helpful, and where it is detrimental or destructive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the study of anti-nuclear recruiting to raise concern on a possible nuclear holocaust, it is said that the matter about nuclear use is so prevalent these days that common people, when presented with the threat of its use, tend to shrug off the idea and need to be convinced of the danger it poses (Sandman & Valenti, 1986). Why the indifference?   Inspite of the campaigns of nuclear â€Å"Armageddon,† the majority of people still seemed to be apathetic about any threat at all. Perhaps, according to studies, people already get beyond fear to numbness. In the study by Sandman and Valenti, the authors said that this has something to do with what they termed as â€Å"likely occurrence† versus â€Å"horrible consequence.† They cited as an example the success of drunken driving campaigns due to the likelihood of losing one’s driver’s license rather than losing a life (which is an instance of horrible consequence). How is this so? These authors said that to terrify a person who is already afraid will be of no use to that person. The likelihood of a horrible consequence, probably to most people, is not that immediate. The common response is apathy. So the best approach to this situation according to Sandman and Valenti is reassurance-the reinforcement of what they call the four â€Å"antidotes† namely, â€Å"anger, hope, love and action.† This implies simply that fear in this instance is negative in effect. Fear has to be reduced when it comes to scenarios like recruiting people to take up commitment and/or advocacy towards certain important matters of concern like the threat of nuclear war.   To sustain the cause, the four aforementioned agenda will be the likely steps taken rather than inducing fear or â€Å"terrorizing the terrorized with more terror† (Sandman & Valenti, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also maintained that fear is indispensable and a fact of life. If truth be told, more often, studies would show its efficacy in persuading people to action or to some to change their minds on something or someone. This happens to political campaigns where some PR managers become household names also due to their ability to introduce a virtually unknown person and catapult them to notoriety. This may entail a positive or negative implication, depending on the perceptions of people and the motives or machinations of those wanting to be in the limelight. How will fear appeal be very effective and its use in persuasive communication be ethically and morally right or justified? Here is a scenario: a certain school whose graduating class of 29 students filed a complaint on one of its faculty, citing misconduct unbecoming of someone in authority on the basis of corruption. They submitted a detailed account of what transpired during a semester with this certain professor in their department. When confronted with the dean regarding the response made by the professor, and the possibility of court cases filed against the whole class, the students decided to make a retraction of their complaints. Their lame excuse was that given their naà ¯vetà © or inexperience, the college and the authorities (including the accused professor) then investigating them, should look into the charges they made against the professor as mere questions in need of answers and not as accusatory gestures that are morally and professionally damaging to the concerned professor. They have decided to retract, corporately, because their adviser enlightened them of the repercussions of their written complaint (i.e., possible non-graduation, and a host of other possible consequences). This is a picture of an effective fear appeal. Their retraction did not mean they have changed their prejudiced mind against the professor, rather, their immediate concern is their graduation which is barely two months away, and the possibility of a smeared reputation when time comes they will be applying for work. This illustration gives an example of the kind of fear appeal where the Stage model (Das, 2001) is applied. The students in the illustration responded to this appeal positively, although it was only short term. They responded positively because they had their graduation in mind which is upcoming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Enny Das states it, human beings act the way they do because of underlying motivations (Das, 2001). Fear is an important factor in the way people act and decide. In the first scenario, fear is portrayed as negative in effect to certain cases such as anti nuclear campaigns recruitment. According to social scientists, there are behavioral and attitudinal changes that work temporarily and others permanently or in a considerable length of time. Where the first scenario is concerned, advocates for the awareness of anti-nuclear holocaust and recruitment of activists for their cause have this problem before them: how to convince people from their â€Å"numbness† to action and stay on with it. As Sandman and Valenti proposed it, the procedures they advocated, instead of high dose of fear, a good measure of reassurance based on anger, love, hope and action, (â€Å"4 antidotes of numbness†) should be followed (Sandman, Valenti, 1986). This makes sense according to the Dual-process model, where it is â€Å"postulated that systematic processing of a persuasive message will result in more stable attitudes, intentions, and behavior† (Das, 2001). However, people should perceive a certain degree of possible threat/danger if they are to process the information systematically and hence, maintain a long term coping of that threat/danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second scenario is best explained based on the Stage model of fear appeals. It assumes that individuals process the information on a â€Å"heuristic processing of subsequently presented recommendation† which is predictably less lasting in a period of time (Das, 2001). Considering that the second scenario, referring to their decision to retract from their complaints only because of an impending graduation which is threatened by the case they filed on the alleged professor, is actually a very unstable decision, and understandably will only weaken in the passing of time (Das, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study of fear and its effects continue to arrest curiosity and interest as well as confusion. There needs to be more studies to discover how the occurrence of attitude and behavioral changes where fear appeals are concerned, affects decision making whether positively, to the advantage of the individual, or negatively, to the detriment or disadvantages of the one paralyzed by fear. It is assumed that scenarios like these will continue to attract both enthusiasts and experts alike in the study of behavior. Explain the role of learning in human motivation. Provide at least three (3) examples that specifically tie learning to human motivation and the reduction of stress, improved happiness, and self-esteem. (Three separate scenarios.) Your explanation should be well developed and the examples should be specific. Cite all references in correct APA style (5th edition).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Motivation is behind every behavior. The principle of cause-effect is apparent in the study of motivation and behavior: motivation is the cause or the â€Å"why†, and behavior is the effect. Thus it is motivation that gives direction and thrust to our behavior. Without motivation, behavior may not occur (Halonen and Santrock, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A common family friend one day told me she wanted my advice, whether she’ll break up with her boyfriend or stay on with him and wait for him to change. Her problem was that whenever they disagree or fight, her boyfriend (we’ll call him â€Å"Raymond†) ends up pinching her to the point that he was actually physically hurting her. It is something very interesting to think about because of all things that a man would do to his sweetheart, pinching her seems strange and extraordinary. I couldn’t help asking her why â€Å"Raymond† is that way. What are the forces behind this seemingly love and hate relationship? What drives Raymond to do this precise act towards his girlfriend? Did he learn it or is it innate?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychology seeks to understand human behavior with the following 4 or 5 goals in mind. These are description, explanation, prediction, control, and improvement (Atkinson et al, 2000). Analyzing the given scenario with my friend, I just was able to describe the event and the occasions that led him to do it. However, it does not suffice to say that just because he is hurt in some ways by his girlfriend that he would resort to doing such a thing as pinching. It would be a lot clearer if we start to examine his behavior in the light of possible reasons basing on the need theory and the learning theory (Halonen and Santrock, 1999). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Need Theory –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A need is defined as a specific state within the organism that may activate behavior to satisfy the need; they are often related to the depletion of essential body substances; a state or condition which indicates the lack or something vital or desired which the organism will strive to obtain; it can also mean the existence of an unpleasant condition, which has to be relieved or eliminated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case of â€Å"Raymond,† his pinching behavior can be interpreted as his way of relieving or eliminating an unpleasant feeling or condition (i.e. he has anger management problem that he couldn’t guide his emotions to a more benign and less destructive manner), that unless he gets it off his system, a more violent reaction might occur, so the pinching is for him so minor, that he can do it anytime to his girlfriend. Usually, in cases like Raymond’s behavior, the individual does not possess the skills in channeling strong and powerful emotions and communicating such in the right manner. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning Theory – Observational or Social Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To explain Raymond’s behavior, I will start by elaborating on the theory by Bandura and alongside illustrating and illuminating the behavior of the pinching individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social learning theorist Albert Bandura has run experiments that show we acquire operants by observing the behavior of others. We may need some practice to refine the skills we acquire by observation. We may choose to allow these skills to lie latent. For example, we may not imitate aggressive behavior unless we are provoked and believe that we are more likely to be rewarded than punished for it. Observational learning may account for most human learning. It is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement. We can learn by observation without engaging in overt responses at all. It appears sufficient to pay attention to the behavior of others. To explain how this occurs, Bandura suggests that four mental processes must be in operation; these processes are necessary for observation learning (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Attention.† The observer must pay attention to what the model says or does. In all likelihood, â€Å"Raymond† may have spent his younger days in the hands and example of a mother who actually specifically would pinch him whenever he misbehaves. Probably, those years were for him troublesome, knowing that a mother oftentimes displays this behavior or act out of sheer frustration, at times not because the child actually misbehaves. He was probably doing what every normal child would do that time. His mother could have been laden with so many things to do and lacked the patience or time to understand the needs of her children (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Memory.† The observer must store or remember the information so that it can be retrieved and used later. In Raymond’s case, because he practically grew up in the â€Å"apron strings† of his mother, it’s not surprising that he would manifest many characteristics of his mother. Raymond’s memory would necessarily be traced back to the years he had experienced under her (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Imitation.† The observer must be able to use the remembered information to guide his or her own actions and thus imitate the model’s behavior. Although Raymond has now a choice over his acts whenever he felt provoked, he seemed â€Å"tied† to the responses his mother made years ago, thus displaying the same behavior (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Motivation.† The observer must have some reason, reinforcement, or incentive to perform the model’s behaviors. Raymond must probably feel that the â€Å"pinching† is justifiable and quite normal because that was what he’d experienced with his mother. When he felt being provoked by the girlfriend, the physical reaction could have been a natural consequence to him (Bandura, 1986).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major theories presented here have helped us understand the kind of behavior that the person in the scenario was doing towards the girl. Theories have their way of making us comprehend things, situations and behavior better. Because of this, we are able to make necessary adjustments, and lessen potential conflicts at the very least. It allows us also the opportunity to gain insights on the way people behave, what makes them tick, or what sets them off. A key element in Human Motivation involves one’s ability apply existing knowledge to a problem. We call this creativity. Your text actually provides a process of creativity. Your task is to: Delineate a real-life problem associated with your work or something you have experienced. You must define this problem completely. Make yourself a disinterested observer and omit no detail. Synthesize the data. DeBono (1970, 1987) terms this process â€Å"finding redundancies† and calls it lateral thinking. You are going to identify patterns in your scenario. This is the heart of the creative process. Then, you will suspend judgment; leave your opinions of the situation out of the process. Think of this as a game and devise at least three (3) options for your scenario. Last, explain how motivation is linked in each of the options.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The real-life problem that is to be explored here has something to do with two colleagues who play â€Å"serious† parts or roles in the dynamics of office work. Their mutual animosity has exceeded civility that it has engulfed us their co-workers, and even each of our respective families. Whenever they are around, all of us have to make sure that no favoritism is shown to any. Nevertheless, it is precisely this stance that further places the rest of us in trouble. One of the antagonists, let’s call him Troy â€Å"the Rat†, is the senior of the rest of us who are in this department. His archenemy, whom he name-calls as the â€Å"trying-hard to look like tough† guy, we call Bart. Bart is not your typical officemate also. He is not the very outspoken and gregarious, happy-go-lucky person nor the touchy type. But he knows malice if he meets one. Their problem is already more than ten years old. They have had their f irst series of encounters that ended up in lawsuit. Their relationship didn’t improve, expectedly, after that period. This time around, the matter between them was revived and had escalated with another series of lawsuits. I was caught in the middle of this conflict as much as the others in the department. Troy â€Å"the rat† wanted us to take his side to pin Bart down saying that the latter was a malicious person bent on destroying a reputable colleague whose work and influence had made contributions though not as much as that of Troy. Bart, on the other hand, was knowledgeable about the manipulations and tongue wagging unimaginable in the military that Troy had been doing all these years to put Bart outside the â€Å"group,† or the inner circle in the institution where he had been â€Å"first.† In my judgment, though Bart had lapses of his own, I have not encountered nor observed him as a person who had as much malevolence as Troy. Both had wanted anyon e of us in the department to sympathize and rally to either of their â€Å"causes,† and overtly, not one of us showed to the rest of the institution that we had taken sides. However, privately, we had our sympathies for Bart because his clout is not that extensive as Troy; Bart’s fight was just almost always to defend himself in the wake of the accusations that Troy had tried to hurl against him. ~Synthesize the data. DeBono (as cited in Franken, 2007) terms this process â€Å"finding redundancies† and calls it lateral thinking. You are going to identify patterns in your scenario. This is the heart of the creative process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The whole scenario with Troy, Bart and the rest of us in the department embroiled in the dispute reached its peak just a few months ago. Recently, Troy because of his belief that we were not deeply supportive of him, accused the whole department of conspiracy against him. Although he had the appearance of respectability, Troy however, is a very good â€Å"actor,† who plays his part well. Because his accusation of conspiracy was not effective, he tried other ways. Through text messages and sarcasm he began to intimidate each of us personally and privately. He somehow managed to know some important details or weaknesses in each of us to weaken us down. Members of our department were at our lowest point in the working relationship and morale within the workplace. It was a very difficult time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problem with these two colleagues did not just start with any one of them as individuals although their idiosyncrasies and even their personal, family or private lives are surely crucial factors in the dynamics of office work. Looking at the whole dilemma from start to the more recent clashes, Troy and Bart’s conflict which now involved us, was firstly, a leadership responsibility. If then, during the early times that those who oversee the department had keen understanding of people’s behavioral inclinations or types, who cared enough to address the early signs of trouble that arises in a specific workplace, and had the decisive facility to impose certain boundaries and discipline either or both of them and those involved then, this was surely a thing of the past. What the person (Troy or Bart) was certainly has bearing in whatever will continue to develop in future relationships, responsibilities, and possible frictions that normally are present in any work setting. ~Then, you will suspend judgment; leave your opinions of the situation out of the process. Think of this as a game and devise at least three (3) options for your scenario. Discipline both Troy and Bart. Impose sanctions for the way the conflict between them had been allowed to escalate. Probably suggest suspension, leave of absence for a definite period of time so the whole office can breathe. Because I am not the department head, a meeting is to occur (or a series of meetings) just for the sole purpose of brainstorming on the viable alternatives to restore the two to a more civil relationship. If they will not acquiesce to what will be decided by the group, then everyone in the department will make a resolution to recommend the two for further investigation by the institution’s disciplinary council and even propose their dismissal should they not accede to the department/institution’s guidelines or decisions. Leave them to fight their battles between them because they are adults and can fend for each of themselves. ~ Last, explain how motivation is linked in each of the options. The implications for option one is that when there is outright or decisive action to make the two answerable for the fiasco will provide a sharp curb to their ongoing hostility. In understanding human nature, when a person’s ego is touched with matters that the case between Troy and Bart will be exposed as behaving like children and needed to be out rightly disciplined, it will unmask their vulnerability to society’s approval and disapproval. This is based on Affiliation motive, and what they will lose is Esprit de corps-the feeling of being part of a sympathetic group, only this time, not just one of them will stand lose it, but the both of them (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.318) This has something to do with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. What will happen here is to make the threat of losing years of hard work and establishment of a career in one institution to end up in disgrace because then, the two should have been dismissed for the trouble they brought to the whole department. In Maslow’s theory, if everything that mattered to any of them is pulled under them, then they will think deep with how they will have to make compromises in order that their source of livelihood (Maslow’s first level Physiological needs) will be at stake. Secondly, when their sense of esteem is also threatened, then they will be pushed to think through with pulling down not only each other, but also the others in the workplace (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.317) A sense of acceptance for many pervades whenever clashes between people who seemed to be influential, quite strong and resistive to advices, and who have made up their minds as to the recourse they were taking. It is to understand that people have what psychology calls as Aggression motive. Some experts on human behavior look at this particular trait or behavior as an inherent force within people that is intended to be redirected to more positive or beneficial outcomes (Morris & Maisto, 1999, p.319) Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Essentially, the role of motivation in a person’s life is crucial to the understanding of human activities. Motivation is never static because in life, there always presents a dynamic and changing pattern of needs. 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