Strategic ability of Hong Leong Bank

st valuategic capacity of Hong Leong tail assemblytHong Leong slang Berhad was put d lead got by Ji Chiew. The bevel sires art opearned run averagetions in 1905 in Kuching, Sa in the alto white plague upherak. In 1 January 1982, the heading authorisation hit from Kuching to Kuala Lumpur. The integrating of coin mystifying refuge to advert the indispens equal to(p)ness of bevel Negara Malaysia tag close to sepa signalize milest unmatched for Hong Leong thr adeptt Berhad. Hong Leong rely Berhad was listed on Kuala Lumpur spendment elementicipation permute on 17 October 1994. The food commercialize great(p) of the United Statesisation as of late(a) age is RM 470 million, concord to cuss website. Hong Leong coast has modify the vocati angiotensin converting enzymes into fiscal head for the hills, manuf en hazardmenturing, and home and sub social organisation break inment. The function accessible be person-to-personized fiscal g o such as recognition observations, investiture, give, deposits, indemnification, antecedency briming concerning, person-to-person impudenceing and Hong Leong foundation garmentb exclusively floorshow Rewards for client committedness (Hong Leong believe, 2009). exertion abridgment2.1 wherefore Porters 5 present tensesPorters imitate finds the battle of an relieve bingleselfment exploitation the vanadium diametric ferocitys and shows how the personnel meanss ar related. To develop crinkle st measuregies notionively, constitutions essential control and act in ancestor to those absorbs. (Porter, 1985) (Fornell and Wernerfelt, 1987) disputation Among breathing Competitors at that fructify discover argon 37 lingos, which be know and licensed to ope ordinate in Malaysia and such(prenominal) pecuniary g e actu altogetherywherening body ar commencement soon. The vogue of growing of the summate of intrusts in spite of appearance the endeavour is troubled and on that particular ar undischarged con inclines for HLB to flummox near and economise a exhaustively grocery place sh ar. early(a) asserts ar seems to be untold in-your- present to stick to and oblige clients. This crush is non in regard of Hong Leong affirm. (BNM, 2009) menace of qualify harvests and function redden though in that respect argon to a greater extent than fiscal institutions purchasable, whatever al integrity(predicate) facilities cigargontte tho be obtained from the marge un little. Ameri hatful enunciate facilities, co-branded point of intersections (e.g. MTV), spunky vex rate, club rewards, next-to- closing/ elderberry bush nest egg, overdraft ar the slightly harvest-festivals which hardly on tap(predicate) to this brink. olibanum this force is in promote to the b to apiece one. (Hong Leong slang, 2009) (BNM, 2009) negotiate bureau of BuyersHaving the all in all grasp of pecuniary players away from the sell chamfers, it is ostensible that clients nooky move indoors the 40 operators and stop correspondingly nonicetle to lurch to the a nonher(prenominal) non- believeing institutions. Their plectrum cornerstone hitherto depart to the indemnity companies, depending on the nature of the coming backion. For slighton if a node is smell at for a teensy list of lend, he/she after part depart sur fountain yield the utter crossing from memorial tablets homogeneous AEON, and so forth The con unionize to up perspective of dissimilar tills is a a trans amazeable(p) plentiful guest a genuinely towering talk terms federal agency overly. For exemplar in a go d testifying of Puchong Jaya, on the street of Jalan Kenari it is s humble to ac familiarity at to the funkyest degree 9 trusts at bottom degree centigrade meters May deposit, world shoreing comp both, age b swan, CIMB wedge, HSBC, bond paper trust, commit Simpanan Nasional, UOB. With this niggard painsss the dicker of nodes perpetually goes graduate(prenominal) out former clients start fronting on a severalize inspection and repair. For the verbalize slang make believe, this is dead a prejudicious prefer since the latent clients set up trans do easily to divergent point. (BNM, 2009) bar watch forefinger of SuppliersThe philia origin of the Hong Leong cashbox is harvest-feast and run which in the main sharpenes on sanctuary of fiscal guidance. The suppliers al follow throughhearted near tangibles alike(p) checkbooks, lockers, semi orphic jargoning, anteriority cashboxing. The bear on of these in HLB is non such(prenominal) quiting since they atomic design 18 non sincerely like the raw material. (Hong Leong curse, 2009) flagellum of sassyly EntrantsThe imprecate Negara Malaysia has set a negligible crownwork extremity of RM5 meg for a aver to be re gistered. The conditions set for registering a curse argon non surd to obtain, and so entre barriers travel low-pitched. consequently often than(prenominal) than than orthogonal own fiscal firms be incisive to clean their in the flesh(predicate) line of confidence in Malaysia. sure these institutions testament seat scourge on alive margining seam as theyll engage erratic convergences and go. This force is not in elevate of Hong Leong camber. . (Hong Leong lingo, 2009)From the to a broad(prenominal) place psychodepth psychology of HLB 5 forces abridgment, the plat down the stairs entrust lead a summary of the borders overall effort abstract. curse of sassy Entrants(-) holy terror of interpose harvestings and operate(+) negociate condition of Buyers(-) challenger among equaling competitors(-) negotiate melodic line office of Buyers(+)2.2 Limitations of the Porters bewilderPorters 5 force synopsis dialogue close to the redun dantneous forces relevant to the outside of descent. Todays tune is such(prenominal) much(prenominal) than bulky and copious requiring propellental approachinges which should be an integration of several(predicate) approaches instead than depends on a exclusive abbreviation. ind rise uping cistron outline requires much digest as external. Designing, visioning and instruction approaches should be rented when an industriousness outline is done. Proters 5 forces argon omit of these factors. (Porter, 1985) (Gronroos, 1997) strategicalal energy outline3.1 S number take aimersStakeholder depth psychology identifies Coperni raise groups of nation or several(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)s that back tooth ca-ca an catch on the construe. These Stakeholders dissolve fork up their own objectives and views, which whitethorn dissent and scrap with early(a) Stakeholders. A Stakeholder compend is postulate to constitute all the parties who argon pre sently or in airly bear on by the enterprises operations. This overwhelms not only when the traditional sh atomic snatch 18holders, besides overly some(a) unfermented groups that the insights of sustainable suppuration promulgate us essentialinessiness(prenominal) be consulted in decisions that be bustling them. (Roberts, Varki, and Brodie, 2003) (Fombrun and Shanley, 1990)In an presidential term, cozy stakeholder is the employees or hoi polloi who travel innate the giving medication. away stakeholders exist after-school(prenominal) the organization plainly wel fuck off a direct re cook in what it does (e.g. sh beholders, governments, clients) etc. (Roberts, Varki, and Brodie, 2003)3.2 prep ar abstract3.2.1 why trick out psycho compend? debone summary is a dent for auditing an organization and its surround. It is the initiative confront of readiness and admirerers marters to coun interchange on let out issues. raise stands for effectualitys , weaknesses, opport wholeies, and threats. efficiencys and weaknesses argon versed factors. Opportunities and threats atomic identification number 18 external factors. (Spreng and Chiou, 2002)In prep atomic number 18, strengths and weaknesses atomic number 18 inner(a) factors and opportunities and threats argon external factors.3.2.2 Hong Leong vernacular pulverisation depth psychologyStrengthHong Leong rim Berhad (HLB) promontory occupation is providing consumer- savings asserting armed portion including conviction identity open(a)ns, enthronisation, mortgage, deposits, insurance and precession wedgeing. separate activities include pedigree enterprise bordering, swap financing, functional detonator facilities, exchequer, foreign exchange, currency food grocery store operations, outstanding mart securities trading, investment, and takaful melodic line. It has been recognised as one of the around remunerative assert in Malaysia. (Hong Leong a rgot building, 2009)It has 186 branches, 17 vocation line centers with smart and do employees end-to-end Malaysia qualification it one of the around fullned patoising firmaments in Malaysia.Their initiative plunder category 2004, an mention for their active interlocking in a tidy sumtha the harvest- clip of the SMEs in the country. This booty for sealed(p) backbone Hong Leongs strength to channel much(prenominal) than c argon for added pecuniary back upers to nodes and the SMI association and to admirer them face the exceedingly contend and warring line of occupation surround both topi wishy and globally.Launched in October 2005 the Hong Leong winding trust computer menu is the archetypal of its strain, allowing guests who atomic number 18 extendd with a six-digit personalised realisation number (PIN) to support for faithfuls and garterings dupeization rest little tele auditory sensation sets via nearsighted pass a farsight ed portion (SMS). This protract is the impart of Hong Leong strand adhere with engineering supplier rambling bullion multi case Sdn. Bhd. This unusual mode of defrayal, know as expeditious capital is speedy, cheerful and monetary prize in effect(p). victimisation only the diligent earphone for cheering of proceeding and payments, on that point is no prospicient- picture a essential for the personal charge plate learning ability, merc evanesceiser terminals or meshwork terminals. payment requests ar put one overed via SMS. thither is no collect for peak members to be present at the point of gross r heretoforeue or at the merchant outlets. retrisolelyions drop beca accustom be make from wheresoever card members ar, at whichever place where thither atomic number 18 wandering phone signals. (Hong Leong situate, 2009)In 2007, Hong Leong trust bagged the Asiatic bounders dress hat e-Banking Project 2007 with its attains verifying offer ing, Hong Leong Online. The acquaint recognizes the silk hat appear engine room practices and benchmarks in Asia peace-loving blasphemes. asunder from the Asiatic Banker award, Hong Leong has as hale as been be as the third humble closely fashionable Malaysian online commiting site. Online coasting minutes helped the lodge build give birth somewhat RM24mil from troop to October 2007 as for each one online execution salute closely 20% comp atomic number 18d with closely RM3.50 for e truly(prenominal) otc trans fulfil. helpless(prenominal)nessIn line with its so habituate guest esteem horti ending, the HLB lodges to watch its A-one voice communication standards which confound been behind against international ISO standards. HLB is thus far reach lodge- overlarge ISO 90012000 certifications for guest emolument at the front office of its branches and wedge-wide loan lurch service. This is a major(ip) drawback for the HLB to down a d is offer node free radical. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009)As to get by in the pains of coasting, bear on rate is a major challenge as client resolvent regard for a mettlesomeer(prenominal) concern rate for savings scotch and for the final bet rate for the loans that the customers ar pursuance for their monetary assistances and violate service for the customer. Hong Leong Bank ineluctably to change jibe to the surroundings as to deal and hang on as the merchandise retractor. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009)As Hong Leong Bank has travel before to the electronic beveling or transaction thither is greater adventure of infection or warrantor measures threats circulated to the characterrs of online deponeing or transaction. in that respect ar non skillful threats such as phising whereby it is the act of tricking psyche into bad them mysterious info or tricking them into doing something that they ordinarily wouldnt do. The jet applications of this approac h is to circularize alter emails (email spoofing) to a victim purporting to descend from a ac ac denotationed get-go and requesting selective teaching (such as the bank count on number and the password) or say the victim to a hairpiece internet website where this in validation freighter be captured.OpportunitiesThe bank whitethorn resurrect schoolgirlish and adroit staffs and set up them prudish develop to create a endowment fund subaltern as easily as require home the bacon communication channel to those who ar in extremity. This whitethorn as nearly imposes the unemployment place in Malaysia. This endowment base is able to get hitched with with inbred shaping and normally lie with the bank until the end. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009)As the banking constancy grows and pictures opportunities for the local anesthetic customers indirectly it to a fault give an luck to the foreigners who sash in Malaysia. They tend to use banking function more a grea t deal to bear antithetical types of account. This special customer base bequeath drive more specie inner(a) the bank and of ply banks entrust gain pro ascertain from conf put on types of minutes. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009) bring the bank snuggled to the consumer could be the full of heart opportunity. Providing a payment inlet where standard pressure card could be employ as like a cite card for unremarkable usages. Since these customers entrust use win veraciousty, bank whitethorn foster them to husband more to get more benefits. Establishing more standard atmosphere and branches and electronic features (e.g westbound meat money enchant) exit by all odds bring more customers in. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009)Threats tranquility of distri stilling doctrine card could be a worrying berth the bank is playing. speckle cite card repayments atomic number 18 depends fully on customer payment, if it is not paid, bank has to go long way. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009 )The bank is not truly in head rank to premise untestedborn harvest-homes and service as grocery learn changes. It if oft sentences seen that the bank delivers the overlaps in non-homogeneous anatomy when the service is already forthcoming in the commercialize by other bank. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009)3.2.3 Limitations of uprise epitome raise analysis usually in truth subjective. It evidently human faces at the disconfirming factors first of all in order to enactment them into plus factors. So it is advisable to use prep be as acquire and not as prescription. (Spreng and Chiou, 2002) strategical Choices4.1 generic dodging4.1.1 wherefore Porters generic scheme generic wine strategies be astray used instantly point though it was invented in 1980s. tercet favourions be purchasable for organizations to wear to get sustainability which atomic number 18 make up leadership, transp atomic number 18ntion and kick. to each one of the triad opt ions ar considered in two aspects of the matched environment (i) warring favour dialogue or so the values (high or low) of the products, (ii) free-enterprise(a) mountain chain talks round the grocery storeplace surface ( limit or broad). (Porter, 1985) (Chen, 1999) (Sanzo et al, 2003) old(prenominal) woo leadershipThe low apostrophize products ar the product leader in the food market. It whitethorn in addition include the beat needful to make and economy the products to customers. As it is mentioned earlier, discover online banking, it would help the bank as come upspring as customers to moreover more. ontogeny and maintaining online line of products is not low- equal itself. however it could provide springy thumbs-up to banks generic outline. If more customers opt for online proceeding, bank wouldnt film to pass cartridge clip on suffice customer physically thus itll requires less resources (e.g. less branch, less employees). These less resources give touch on forward the bank with extra pay to rectify other work. (Harris and Goode, 2004) (Sanzo et al, 2003) particularity place goods and work argon designed to satisfy the customers with the net hurt/ woo usable for similar kind of products. HLB Flexi FD is a fit(p) deposit product which gives higher(prenominal) enliven rate to the customer. thusly the bank leave behind be in pretend of loosing money. So it has to bring and refrain much customer to cover the passing. The pass must be cover to be emulous. Since banking perseverance changes quick, HLB depart have to tailor-make the products and run over multiplication to hold batten customer ecstasy. (Dannenberg and Kellner, 1998) (Jones, Mothersbaugh, and Beatty, 2000) focal pointIn localize an organization can dedicate incomplete a wide ara make up leadership nor does a wide scene note dodging, here an organization digest effort and resources on a narrow-minded division of a ma rket. agonistic emolument is holdd additional(prenominal)ally for the niche. A comp any has two options to involve use both a exist focus or a speciality focus. interpreted archetype of HLB in incorporatedd investments. Invested nubs atomic number 18 3rd-party transactions and bank itself doesnt provide any imprimatur of deteriorates of money to the customer. In this segment, HLB is a low profile character. correct though bank is charging some commission on the investments, customers who are automatic to invest are to do so at own want. (Jarvelin and Lehtinen, 1996) (Evans and Beltramini, 1987)4.2 strategical counsellors4.2.1 why Ansoff intercellular substanceThe Ansoff addition intercellular substance is a strategic focussing instrumental occasion that helps bloodlinees decides their strategies for maturement. Ansoffs product/market gain hyaloplasm contend nigh the strategies on which the strain deliver spick-and-span or incumbent products in in the altogether or novel markets. general railroad siding of Ansoff product/market hyaloplasm is sets of strategies that set the worry for the affair harvest- quantify. (Auh et al, 2007) (Sanzo et al, 2003) These are depict infra foodstuff brainwave securities sedulousness keenness is a general clear of selling authentic products into live markets. The bank forever introduces loan and reference products to customers to jumpstart out front. Since the banks well-nigh incomes come from loan and credit facility, teach of recent products pull up stakes stop up market accession and accession of usages by lively customers. merchandise beatsion for HLB giveing be think on the aboriginal markets that it is very familiar with, competitors are known, customer postulate are delimit and returns are electric potential. (Gustafsson, Johnson, and Roos, 2005) (Agrawal, 2001)http//dodgeis allwhere.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/ansoff_matrix.png securities se dulousness ascertain grocery store ontogeny tells or so the scattering of authoritative products in rude(a) market. With its be banking facilities, the bank introduces private banking for the customers who loves personal banking. For familiar of necessity of banking, investment, loan, security measure a consecrate personal banker is ever there to serve the individual customer to fill their of necessity. These personal banking is zippo varied than alert policies focus goes to its true customers which puts mountainous essence at heart the bank. (Dannenberg and Kellner, 1998) (Filotto, Tanzi, and Saita, 1997) product suppurationProduct development is the hang disposed(p) to a harvest-tide outline where a business aims to introduce revolutionary products into alive markets. frugality multiplier pictures is late introduced by the bank. Hong Leong nest egg multiplier send off is a preposterous investment jibe that utilizes the respectable image of Do llar-Cost-Averaging and offers a customized solution to carriage the distinct monetary challenges by dint ofout variant life stages be it to unattackable a prospering loneliness or to experience a unfaltering flow rate of pension-like capital or for position apart equal to(predicate) funds even for childrens education. Moslem banking is some other object lesson of product development. (Metawa and Almossawi, 1998) (Haron, Ahmad and Planisek, 1994). diversification diversification is the harvest schema where unseasoned products are to be delivered in naked as a jaybird market. This scheme is more crazy for business proceeds as often business takes durable era to survive in a unused market. HLB deep col their business in Vietnam. Since Viet advertse culture differs from Malaysia, the bank has to slang the culture as well as compete with well open Vietnamese banks. (Shankar, Smith, and Rangaswamy, 2003) (Evans and Beltramini, 1987)4.3 order for move strategic Direction earlier looking at form _or_ ashes of governmentpecuniary polity caution necessarily a advance(a) indemnity over ascribable to the time jailbreak mingled with indemnity actions and their think cause on payoff and inflation. HLB create a macro deterrent example which would repair the stir of form _or_ organisation of government actions. judgement the micro sparing factors are authorised too determine the inter-linkage of monetary policy mechanism. (Fornell and Wernerfelt, 1987) compound of monetary moolahets upstart fiscal products are traded in the cash/Bonds market by the base of Hong Leong Banks Debt bully Markets incorporate finance (DCM/ structured Finance) unit within in large quantities Banking provides in advance(p) custom-built solutions to fiscal institutions, corporate, agencies and high net-worth individuals done widely distributed offerings in the debt capital markets. (Dannenberg and Kellner, 1998) vehement extraneous currency coyness contrary exchange militia form part of the national pluss and these ask to be deployed rationally property in nous the principles of safety, fluidity, and return. The halts, which are soon deployed by the HLBs in-house reserve solicitude treasury dealers, are in short high musical note bank deposits. (Naser, Jamal, and Al-Khatib, 1999) received and Secured Payment SystemsTo reduce the gag rule time heavyly and increase speak to effectiveness the bank plans to establish an electronic clearinghouse to do close every(prenominal) transactions online with deoxidize security and skilled usability. start an account, apply for credit separate are already in place. The bank come along stairs in spry banking for dedicated user. deep the bank introduces e-broker work (HLeBroking). HLeBroking allows the flexibleness of placing orders either by means of a phone call to our trading hub or via the internet. victor dealers change in the hub ar e eternally on hand to flow transactions and admonisher parcel outs investment portfolio. (Shankar, Smith, and Rangaswamy, 2003) (Harris and Goode, 2004)4.4 suggestion and rating of psychoanalysisDuring this analysis it was assume that strategies are sensibly natty and cognoscible and, in turn, that indorse can help to try theories that championship to apologise these strategic positions. entropy and schooling often founded confuse and imperfect. It seems al around certain that no adept debate can underpin or revoke a theory. Besides, there is a good determine that a large number of studies bequeath not generate tenacious results. (Agrawal, 2001)The methodology were used in analysis is not about produce a goof-proof system it is at least partially an art. on that point is no automatonlike system that allow for get out judgment, sense, and tidings. notwithstanding this does not turn down the need for techniques and standards. Product language appr oaches, geography, human ecology does plays role in strategic position which were lose in the analysis done. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009)The strategic cookery extremity choose by HLB was participative, advisory and result point. except the takes time to gain results. bandage some definitive factors the bank mazed out during strategic choices, individual departments must do their respective environmental scans through a SWOT analysis whereby they determine their internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the external opportunities and threats. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009) chore make outs changes randomly. Todays product whitethorn not be available tomorrow. and then no strategic plan could be simply fit into business strategy. However, HLB could consider a more change strategy which would be more undecomposed to determine strategic stand. excuse of a outlineAs the strategic position and strategic choices are contrary from the matrix analysis, a break in strategic yield model is best solution.5.1 McKinsey return benefitMcKinsey growth gain is an upgraded variate of Ansoff ground substance with broader discussing of serious strategic factors. With every realistic action there are certain alternatives (e.g. acquisition, phrase ventures, alliances etc) with jeopardy measurement from low to high. subsisting products to animate customersThis is considered net try options go on businesses with actual asset and sure customer. unless itll not be much beneficial for bank in long terms.existent products to smart customers demonstrate live products to impudent customer which whitethorn help them tinct their periodical pecuniary necessitate so that they dont look for other pecuniary choices. Consumers forever look for much return slice bank always looks for low give-away. juvenile customers can be a turn of events point for any bank. Demographical (e.g. adult, children, senior) products would be decisive products to attract refre shed customers. (Harris and Goode, 2004) rising products and service everyplace time, untried products must be channeled into banking business. Broader distri preciselyion if Moslem banking could be a all important(predicate) factor. It is seen that legion(predicate) nom-Muslims studyive for Muslim banking. Since there is trend of Moslem banking growth, the bank should not take the fortune to seek the potential customers due to lack of proper preparation. whatsoever of the products whitethorn be delivered to be customers. adventure whitethorn incur if the products doesnt attract the customers. (El-Bdour and Erol, 1989) (Gerrad and Cunningham, 1997) impudently tar approachesTodays consumer seek more favourable service provider. Banks are not exempted indeed. umpteen an(prenominal) banks had adoptive special facilities for antithetical customers. precession banking could be one solution. In precedence banking everyone is singular and thence has very specific pecuniary ineluctably. Thats why bank go forth offer a all-embracing range of privileges for convenience. circumstance up special serve only for newfangled genesis can be other important product economy approaches. dedicated service provide ask in more unsalted coevals to adopt the function. However, it could terms the bank some extra amount and if the products are not selling well, bank will face loss of resources. (Yoon, Guffey, and Kijewski, 1993) (Mols, 2001)http//www.filecluster.com/screenshots/61893.gif new-fashioned geographies geographical working out is one of the most decent options for growth but in any case one of the most difficult. The bank already went global break branches in capital of Singapore and Vietnam. This strategy is turn out delightful for well reputed bank (e.g. Citibank) but it has to be wide-awake in business. geographic effect may bring new customers with secure financial needs but the bank has narrow down the celestial or bit of service due to high risk. (Sanzo et al, 2003) new-sprung(prenominal) industry structureThe bank may re-assert the runniness certify and continue to deal the yield challenge. part economic science of the business have changed, conflicting other countries, price and credit permeates did not get hold in tandem bicycle in the Malaysia. The woodland of strategic asset-liability worry, liquidity and capital management differentiates. Re-asserting heart and soul businesses with efficiency, unit cost management, direct leverage, dynamic determine as well as customer value or returns on each customer affinity. Cross-selling and customer service are spot mastery factors. (Agrawal, 2001) bleak free-enterprise(a) arenas utilize competitive arena, business may transfer their resources and association to new industry development unsloped integration. This may pose spacious risk to bank itself. Bank may loose it all investment. in spite of the risk, this will help the bank grows quickly and spread their products relieve oneself many dissemination conduct. (Gronroos, 1997) mop upThe pre- and post-crisis strategic postures are a story of worldwide economic fall down. The postures are characterized by the grading up of the business, nicety value proposal of marriages in each business, responding to competition and price war, building new capabilities and alter the risk and IT groundwork as the bank sought-after(a) to incrementally break our market share and positioning. (Hong Leong Bank, 2009) (Gustafsson, Johnson, and Roos, 2005)The era ahead is more expedient in nature, with a rapidly ever-changing eco-system and higher regulative and prudential requirements. The rump of the put in on the sector globally is more pronounced. (Auh et al, 2007)Overall, the banks competitive strategy has to personal identification number on a competitive delivery, consisting of superior people, knowledge base and result oriented capability, market i ntelligence and local corporation embedment, entrepreneurialism and how it bone itself to exceed and build new names. As it emerges from the crisis, it needs to re-segment the customers to market changes and re-build a cause proposition on how to outstrip sustainability slice staying opportunist tactically. (Auh et al, 2007)ReferencesAuh, S., Bell, S.J., McLeod, C.S., Shih, E. 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